*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* NATIONAL ALLIANCE OF SUPERIOR TECHNOLOGICAL YOUTH N.A.S.T.Y. JOURNAL NUMBER 3 N.A.S.T.Y. IS: THE RENEGADE HACKER / renegade@hale.uucp kludge@hale.uucp *=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=* CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Contents/Header 2. Information on N.A.S.T.Y. BY: THE RENEGADE HACKER! 3. The Art of Communication (Part 1) BY: THE GATSBY & AL JADY 4. The W.D.I.A. Network (NCI) BY: / (TC)====================(EO)-=-=-( ) / | \ ^ U / | \ | / | \ Analog / | \ Pair Gain ---(PC) | \ | (EO)--- (EO)-- | / | The Digital Toll Switch (No. 4ESS) was introduced in 1976. Use of digital inter-office facilities increased. Analog pair-gainsystems were used in the Subscriber Loop Plan primarily as temporary solutions regarding facility exhaust problems. Fiber optic systems began to penetrate exhaust problems. Fiber optic systems began to penetrate the interoffice facility area of the network in the late 1970's. \ / ^^ \ o (EO)==========(||)============(EO)====@o / \\ //|| o \\ // || ^ \\ // || | \\ // || Digital Pair \\ // || Gain \\ // ||/ \\ // (__)- \\ // ^ \\ // | \\ // Analog RSU \\ // \\ // \\ // o (TC)====================(EO)-=-=-(O) // ||\\ U ^^/ || \\ Fiber Optics (||) || \\ // || \\ ---(PC) || \\ || (EO)--- (EO)-- | / | Use of Digital Toll Switching and Digital Interoffice facilities continued to grow. Analog Remote Switching Units (RSU), served by analog host ESS were introduced. Digital pair-gain systems were introduced as long-term facility alternatives in the subscriber loop plant. Penetration of fiber opticsystem moved into the inter-city enviroment of the network. .. \ .. \ . . ^^ . . ^^ / O==: EO :=======||=======: EO :======||==O- / .. .. \\ || // \\ Fiber-Optics || // \\ _ || // \| \ || // | \ || // | \ || // | R | || // | S |- || // | U | || // | / || // | / ____||__________//___ |_/ I --| . . . | . | . .. C --| : : : | : | ^^ . :::.. | ' --|______________|______|====||======: :::::====O s . :: \ | / || Digital ESS Access Tandem/LATA Tandem || || || :::::: | ::::=====o- / :: | Digital RSU Local Digital Switches and Digital Remote Switch Unit (RSU) were introduced during the 1980's. Fiber optic systems began to penetrate the Subscriber Loop Plant. The Modified Final Judgement (MFJ) requird AT&T to divest itself of ownership of the Bell Operating Companies (BOC). One of the provisions of the MFJ is that the BOCs must furnish equal access to the network to all Interexchange Carriers (IC). The combined access tandem/LATA tandem office may provide the equal access and the LATA tandem switching functions for the BOC's. 3 PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) THEORY ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Analog Signal An analog signal is a signal in the form of a continuously varing physical quantity such as voltage, which represents variations in another quantity, such as the loudness of the human voice. In other words, we use electrical waves to represent (or be analogous to) the acoustical speech waves generated by the human voice. Characteristics of the analog signal are: 1. It is continuous in time, and 2. All values are permitted (within the _+_ maximum limits defined). Analog Transmission The purpose of the ideal transmission channel is to deliver an accurate reproduction of the original signal to the receiving terminal. Transmission of analog signals involves three major impairments- LOSS - Attenuation of the information signal NOISE - Unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the information signal DISTORTION - Changing the information signal waveform Loss can be overcome by introducing an amplifier to restore the signal to its original amplitude. However, since the amplified cannot differentiate between signal and noise, it amplifies the noise as well as anydistortion in the signal. The amplified noise and distortion is now part of the input signal for the next section of the analog transmission line. As the length of the analog transmission line increases, more amplifiers must be used, and effect of noise and distortion accumulates. The cumulative effect of noise and distortion can be minimized by proper system design and component selection - but it cannot be eliminated. Noise and distortion generally control the maximum design length of an analog transmission system. Digital Signal _____________ | | __ __ __ _ ___ /\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\| PCM |__| |___| |_| |__| |__| |__ | Terminal | |_____________| ^ ^ ^ ^ \_Analog signal_/ \______PCM Signal________/ 8-Bit Binary Number = 2^8 or 256 discrete values Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) - Uses 8-bit binary numbers to represent periodic samples of the speech signal (or analog signal). - The pulses are of equal higth and width. - The information content of the digital (or PCM) signal is carried by the presence or absence of the pulses - not the shape of the pulses. Characteristics of the digital (PCM) signal are: 1. It is discrete in time (non-continuous). 2. It is discrete in value (only 256 levels are permitted. The major advantage of digital (PCM) transmission comes from the use of regenerative repeaters. The digital signal is distorted by the loss, noise and distortion characteristics of the transmission line. When the distorted signal arrives at the input of the regenerative repeater, it is examined during each bit position- - If the input signal exceeds a designed threshold level, the repeatdecides there is a pulse in that position, and the repeater generates a new pulse. - If the input signal dose not exceed the threshold level, the repeater decides there is no pulse in that bit position, and no pulse is generated. In this manner, the digital signal is re-generated (rather than amplified) at each repeater, and the effects of transmission impairments on the waveform are eliminated at repeater. Speech signals start at the transmitter button of a telephone set as an analog signal. To carry the "information" in the analog signal over a digital transmission line, it is nessary to convert the analog signal to a digital signal. The process that bell uses is called Pulse Code Modulation, or PCM. PCM essentially uses three steps in the analog to digital conversion. 1. Sampling - the analog signal is sampled periodically. Each sample generates a PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) signal, with an amplitude equal to the amplitude of the analog signal. 2. Quantizing - the amplitude (or hight) of the PAM signal is "measured" to derive a number that represents its amplitude level. 3. Encoding - the decimel (base 10) number derived in the quantizing step, is then converted to its equivalent 8-bit binary number. Since this process converts one instantaneous value of the analog signal into an 8-bit word, it is obviously nessary to repeat the process many times a second. Now that you have a overview of this process, lets look a little closer at the individual steps. Sampling - The first step in the analog-to-digital conversion is sampling. The analog signal is sampled periodically to determine its instantaneous value at different points in time. Each time the signal is sampled, Bell generate a PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) signal. The PAM signals are pulses with uniform width, but varing in amplitude (or hight). the amplitude of each PAM signal represents the instantaneous amplitude of the ana;og signa; represents the instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal at one point in time. The rate that we sample the analog signal, and is based on the Nyquist sampling theorem. This theorem says: If a band-limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate equal to or higher than twice the highest significant signal frequency, then the samples contain all the information of the original signal. The original signal may be reconstructed by use of a low-pass filter. The standard sampling rate for telephone-band transmission is 8000 times a second. Theoretically this would limit the voiceband signals to 4000 Hz, due to imperfect filter characteristics. Quantizing - Is essentially matching the PAM signals to a segmented scale. The purpose of quantizing is to "measure" the amplitude (or height) of each PAM signal coming from the sampling step, and assign an integer (whole) number between 0 and -\+127 to define the amplitude of each PAM signal. Once a number has been assigned, the next step in the analog-to-digital conversion is encoding. Encoding - Involves the conversion of the number that was determined in the Quantizing step, to a binary number. Each quantized PAM signal is converted to an 8-bit binary "word", in which each bit may be either a "1" (pulse) or a "0" (no pulse). The 8-bit "word" represents the binary equivalent of the number from the quantizing step. For Example: If the PAM signal "measures" +47 on the quantizing scale, the output of the encoding step is the 8-bit word "10101101" (i.e. the binary equivalent of +45). ________________________________________________________________________ | |7 |6 |5 |4 |3 |2 |1 |0 | | Power | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |________________|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | | Bit Position | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | |________________|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | + | | Scale | 127 <------------------------------------------> 0 | |________________|___________________________-___________________________| | | | | | | | | | | | Weight | +/- | 64 | 32 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |________________|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| | | | | | | | | | | | Binary Word | | | | | | | | | |________________|______|______|______|______|______|______|______|______| The binary word consists of pulses for binary one and no pulses for binary zerors. Each bit is weighted by some power of two (2). Except fot the 8th bit position which indicates polarity (1 = positive, 0 = negative). Quantizing Error or Distortion 127 ___ | 126 _|_ | ______ 125 _|_ |||||| | <------------------------------> | | 124 _|_ | | | | | 123 _|_ | | | | | ~ ~~~~ ~ |~~~~| 5 _|_ ______ | | | <--------------------> |||||| | | 4 _|_ | | | | | | | | | 3 _|_ | | | | | | | | | 2 _|_ | | | | | | | | | 1 _|_ _____ | | | | | <----------> ||||| | | | | 0 _|_______________|___|_____|____|____|____| | \_|_/ In quantizing, PAM signals do nto always match exactly with the step on the quantizing scale. For example, a PAM signal may measure +1/2, or +4 1/2, or +124 1/2 or any fraction of a step. Since an 8-bit word limits us to 256 discrete number, only whole number. For example, a PAM signal that "measures" + 4-1/2 might be rounded up to +5 and encoded as "10000101". When the distant terminal decodes this binary number, it will rebuild a PAM signal exactly +5 unit high. As a result, the system has introduced an error of +1/2 in the encoding and transmission of that PAM signal. This error is called quantizing error or quantizing distortion. Quantizing error or distortion is perceived by the listener as noise or "graininess" of the signal. If we use a linear scale (equal steps), and decide to round up or down at the half way point in the step, the maximum error that can be introduced is -/+ 1/2. When that error (or distortion) is compared to the relative signal level however, the ratio of signal-to-quantizing distortion (S/D ratio) is much worse for low-level signals than for high-level signals. Since it is much more likely in speech transmission to have lowlevel signals than high-level signals, linear quantizing would give us the poorest S/D ratio in the area where most of the spech energy falls (i.e. low-level signals). One solution might be to decrease, the size of the quantizing steps (i.e. use more steps in the linear scale). For example experiments have shown that a satisfactory S/D ratio for lowlevel signals can be odtained by using a linear scale with 2048 step; but this would require an 11-bit word to encode and a much larger bandwidth to transmit. Quantizing With A Non-Linear Scale Another solution is to use a non-linear scale (unequal steps). Bell can improve the S/D ratio for low-level signals by using smaller steps in the lower amplitude portion of the scale, at the expense of the high-level signals. Since the range of amplitudes has not changed, and we only have 256 steps to work with, Bell has to make the steps larger in the higher amplitude portion of the scale. Ideally Bell would like to have a uniform S/D ratio across the entire range of amplitudes. Time Division PCM Companding +127 ____|____ _|_ _|_ ____ _|_ |____| ____|____ | | ___|___ | | ___|___ | | ___|___ | | _____|_____ | | __|__ | | ____ __|__ | | |____| __|__ | | | | 0 _________|_______ __|____|___________|____|__________________ __|__ __|__ __|__ North American MU 255 _____|____ ____|___ European A-LAW ____|___ ____|___ ______|_____ __|__ __|__ __|__ +127_____|_____ | Companding generally describes the methods used to reduce noise during the transmission of low-level speech signals and during quiting intervals. In todays standaed PCM system, companding is provided through the use of non-linear quantizing scales in the encoding and decoding of speech signals. The design of the non-linear scale is defined by one of two modified logarithmic formulas. - The companding formula used in North American standard systems (USA and Canada) is called MU-255. - The companding formula used in CCITT standard system is called A-LAW. CCITT standaed systems also differ from North American systems in the number of channels and the transmission line bit rate. Since Bell dose not comply with CCITT standars, Bell has to have the reaponsibility to provide the conversion of the CCITT signal format to the North American signal format when we interconnect the two systems. Analog to Digital Conversion 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 ______ | _______ | _______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ /\/\/\/\/\/\ | |-|-| |-|-| |__| |_| |_| |_| || |__| |_| |___ \|Sample| |Quantiz| |Encode | |______| |_______| |_______| Analog ^ ^ ^ ^ Signal | | | | \ / \ / PAM PCM Signal Signals The Analog-to-Digital Conversion essentally involves three steps: 1. SAMPLING - The analog signal is sampled at periodic intervals. The output of the sampling step is a PAM (Pulse Amplityde Modulation) siganl. 2. QUANTIZING - In this step the PAM signal is matched to a segmented scale. The purpose of this step is to "measure" the amplitude (or height) of the PAM signal and assign an integer number that defines that amplitude. 3. ENCODING - In this step the integer base-10 number converted to an 8-bit binary number. The output is an 8 bit "word", in which each bit may be either a "1" (pulse) or a "0" (no pulse). This process is repeated 8000 times a second for telephone voice cannel service. Digital To Analog Conversion _ _ _ _ _ _________ | __________ _| |__| |_| |_| |___| |__| | | | |/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/\/ ^ ^ | Decode |--|--| Filter | | | |_________| |__________| \ / PCM Signal PAM Signals Analog Signal After the Digital (PCM) signal is transmitted to the receiving terminal , it must be converted back to an Analog signal. The Digital-to-Analog conversion essantially consists of two steps: 1. DECODING - The recived 8-bit "word" is decoded to recover the number that defines the amplitude of that sample. This information is used to rebuild a PAM signal of the orginal amplitude. 2. FILTERING - The PAM signal of the original amplitude. When the 8000 PAM signals (per second) are passed through the filter, it reconstructs the original Analog waveform. Single Channel PCM So far, I have discussed the Analog-to-Digital conversion for a signal voice channel or circuit. If the Analog signal is sampled 8000 times a second, there will be 8000 PAM signals per second, there will be 1/8000 seconds (or 125 microseconds) apart. The 8-bit word that is generated for each PAM signal can be transmitted in a fraction of the 1/8000 second time frame. If Bell transmitted the single channel PCM signal down the transmission line, there would be a considerable amount of time between samples when the line would be a considerable amount of transmission line, there would be a considerable amount of time between samples when the line would not be "used". TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING takes advantage of the unused time between samples of a single channel or circuit. In the standard North American PCM system, 24 channels are time division multiplexed together and transmitted over a common line. The 24 channels are sampled sequentially so that the PAM signals for channels 2 through 24 occupy the time interval between subsequent PAM signals for channel 1. Each PAM signal may then be passed in turn to a common quantizer/encoder circuit. Since the PAM signals from the 24 channels are staggered across the 1/8000 second time frame, the 8-bit words are generated in sequence across time frame, the 8-bit words are generated in sequence across that same time frame. Within the span of 125 microseconds (1/8000th of a second), an 8-bit binary word is transmitted serially for each of the 24 channels (8 bit/channels - 192 bits). After 192 bits are transmitted, one more bit is added to identify the end (or beginning) of a FRAME of information. This additional bit (can be a "1" or a "0") is called the framing bit. The framing bit is used to synchronize the transmitting and receiving terminals. (i.e. The frame bit provides the reciving terminals with a starting point to separate the incoming bit stream into 8-bit words and distribute them to the proper channels). A FRAME requires 125 microseconds to transmit and contains one encoded sample (8-bit word) for each channel that is multiplexed, plus the framing bit. The basic PCM frame contains 193 bits (192 encoded signal bits +1 framing bit). The FRAME is sub-divided into TIME SLOTS. A TIME SLOT represents the time required to transmit one 8-bit word. (One PCM encoded sample). The basic PCM bit stream contains 1,544,000 bits/second (8000 frames/second x 193 bits/frame = 1,544,000 bits/sec.). Every sixth frame Bell robs the last, or least significant bit of each voice channel and substitute signaling information in its place (bit robbing). Information is extracted by the terminal or machines as it is always in the same place. Encoded Unipolar Each "1" is transmitted in the positive direction and "o" are reference level. Encoded Bipolar Every other "1" pulse is alternated in the positive and negative axis. Effectively cuts the frequency of the line signal in half. Noise bursts cause two positive or negative pulses in a row, which is recognized as an error (bipolar violation). Bipolar Advantages - Simplified Error Detection - No DC Component - Easier Timing Recovery - Reduced Bandwidth Requirement Low Bit Rate Voice Pulse Code Modulation Consideration LBRV - PCM CONVENTIONAL PCM Various (PCM) techniques have been experimented within recent yeats attempting to conserve digital bandwidth as compared to the standard 64 Kb/s, PCM encoding. The 64 Kb/s, Norht American Standard, noted earlier in this lesson, inherently possesses several transmission qualities. These are: 1. Dynamic Range - having 255 levels enadles PCM to handle a sudstantial input signal rage: -40dBm0 to 0dBm0. 2. Signal to Quantizing Distortion - having a S/D of 35 to 40dB enables up to 10 analog/PCM conversions with minimal adverse affects. 3. In Band Signaling thru bit robbing, signaling is accomplished by utilizing the least significant bit of every 6th sample. Ths results in less than 2.1% of bits robbed with no detectable analog distortion. 4. All Zeros Code treatment - the North American network cannot tolerate more than 15 consecutive zeros. Zero code suppression, the changing of the 2nd least significant bit of an all Zero PCM word, eliminates the all zero problem with minimal impairment. These qualities are the reasons that justify the "robust" discryption given to 64 Kb/s PCM. The cost of these qualities is bandwidth. ADPCM-DLQ Sampling of speech at the Nyquist rate yields sample differences that differ much less than the original samples differ. Differential PCM is premised upon coding the difference between successive samples. Again, because of the "difference" values in less (4 bit encoding yields 16 values). As the analog signal level varies, so will the difference values vary. Thus, the differential values and associated levels must be adjusted or "adapted" based on signal size. The result is Adaptive differential PCM. The ability to adjust the quantization levels in an accordion fashion is called dynamic quantization and is desirable for speech signals. For yones or voice band data where analog values are constant, the quantization are locked at an optimum point. Thus, dynamic locking quantizer, or DLQ. The net result is an analog signal, sampled at 8000 tiem/second, with the difference between sample amplitudes being dynamically quantized into one of 16 levels, each level represented by 4 bits. In short, 32 Kb/s ADPCM-DLQ. ADPCM-DLQ vs. PCM In comparing ADPCM-DLQ vs. PCM, both objective and subjective test were performed: 1. Assuming equal dynamic range input speech signals, ADPCM-DLQ was subjectively evaluated to be very close to PCM. 2. Objective tests using 4.8Kb, PSK data sets yielded no errors for PCM and a 6*10^-7 bit error rate for ADPCM-DLQ with 16 level encoding. A 3*10^-6 BER was odserved for 15 level ADPCM-DLQ. 3. In band signaling thru bit robbing reduces ADPCM-DLQ to 15 levels and dose degrade its error performance (See Item 2 above). 4. Zero code suppression dose not appreciably affreciably affect ADPCM-DLQ performance. 5. At data rate greater than 4.8 Kb/s, ADPCM-DLQ contributed unacceptable error rates. 6. PCM yields satisfactory performance for all types of voiceband signals with up to 10 analog/PCM conversions. For ADPCM-DLQ with 4.8 Kb/s voice band data, standard objectives cannot be guaranteed for more than 3 back-to-back encodings. ADPCM-DLQ Applications Assuming the CCITT facored standard is implenmeted, the following terminal configurations could be used: 1. Transcoding Terminals - input to the terminal are two 64 Kb/s based, DS1 signals (48 channels) with an output of single, 32 Kb/s based, DS1 signal (48 channels). 2. Integrating Terminal - input to the terminal are 48 voice channels. Output is a single, 32 Kd/s based, DS1 signal. 3. Bundling Application - where customers require private line trunk groups of 11 (or fewer) channels. Each bundle consisting of 11 32 Kb channels plus one signaling channel. 4 bundles would then comprise a DS1. In a PCM system: Signal is composed of a group of pulses. Repeater looks for a pluses. Repeater regenerates a new signal instead of amplifying the incoming signal. GRADE OF SERVICE As the network becomes more digital, the grade of service should improve because: 1. Loss in digital systems is not length-dependent. 2. Noise is controlled by companding, 8-bit word size, and the use of regenerative repeaters. 3. Distortion is controlled by the use of a nonlinear quantizing scale and regenerative repeaters. BANDWIDTH Most analog systems require the use of a 4 kilohertz of bandwidth for each voice channel. In our digital systems, each voice channel is composed of 8,000 8-bit words per second or 64 kilobits per second. The bandwidth required to transmit this signal is several times greater than 4 kilohertz. Primarily, this is of concern only in bandwidth-limited transmission systems such as microwave radio. 4 CHANNEL BANKS AND TERMINALS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ OVERVIEW The function of the digital facility is to provide 24 voice frequency (VF) channels from one point to another over a PCM transmission system. The most basic type of digital facility consists of two elements: 1. Channel Banks (or terminals) and 2. A Transmission System The channel banks provide the A/D interface between 24 VF circuits and a digital (PCM) transmission system. The digital transmission system carries the time division multiplexed PCM signals between two channel banks. This section will discuss the channel banks, and other terminal equipment that generate the PCM signal. The Digital Transmissionsystems will be discussed in the following section. The basic function of the digital channel bank is to provide the VF analog/PCM interface. On the analog side, the bank terminates 24 VF circuits (message trunks or special service). On the digital side, the bank terminates a single 4-wire, 1.544 Mb/s bipolar PCM circuit. The general functions os the digital channel bank include: 1. Analog transmission and signaling interface - that is, it provides termination for either 2- or 4-wire circuits using various modes of signaling. 2. Analog-to-Digotal and Digital-to-Analog signal conversion - for each of the 24 VF channels 3. Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing 4. Process signaling and supervision information 5. Digital Line Interface - unipolar to bipolar conversion, clock signals, etc.. 6 Performance monitoring and alarms The general structure of a digital channel bank consists of a mounting, equipped with two types of modular plug-in units. These are channel units (CU) plug-ins and common unit plug-ins. Channel Units The channel unit (CU) plug-ins provide the following functions for a single circuit: 1. Analog transmission interface - the connecting analog circuit may be 2- or 4-wire 2. Analog signaling interface - The connecting analog circuit may use any of a number of sinagling modes (i.e. loop, E&M, simplex, etc.) 3. Sampling step of the A/D conversion 4. Provides a standard interface to the common plug-in units There is a variety of different channel units available to provide the range of transmission and signaling interfaces that are required for the various message, special service, program, and dataport applications. Each type of channel unit is equipped cations. Typical options and controls include: 1. Trunk and signaling options 2. Attenuation controls 3. Balance controls 4. Equalization controls Common Units The common plug-in units provide fuctions that are shared by all (or part) of the channels in the digroup, and are generally independent of the types of channel units used. The principle common functions include: 1. Time Division Multiplexing (and Demultiplexing) 2. Quantizing and Encoding (and Decoding) 3. Digital Transmission Line Interface 4. Timing and Synchronization 5. Performance Monitoring and Alarms 6. Power conversion and distribution Typically, multiplexing is achieved by multiple wiring, rather than by a plug-in unit. Basic D5 Bank Architecture ___________________________ | | | System Controller | <----> Input/Output |___________________________| o Control | | | | | | o Test Access | | | | | | o Provisioning | | | |. . .| | o Alarms | \_|__|__|_____|__|__________ | | \ _______|___________ To Max of 20 |----------|______|Up | D5 Chan. Banks |----------|______| |------> / |----------|______| | <------| |----------|______| | | 96 |----------|______| |------->| VF | | o | D5 Chan |<-------| | | o | Bank | | To Digital C | |______| |------->| Transmission h |----------|______| |<-------| System a |----------|______| | | n |----------|______| |------->| . |----------|______| |<-------| |----------|______|____________| | / \ The D5 bank is a 96-channel bank equipped with a microprocessor for centralizing and automating bank operations (provisioning, maintenance, etc.). It is anticipated that 8 generic (multi-function) channel units will provide the capabilities required for the majority of message and special service applications. These CU's will be conditioned electronically, as opposed to the manual setting of options with switches and plugs as is done with today's channel banks. A fully-equipped D5 system with a single system controller and 20 channel banks will accomodate 1920 circuits. End-to-End Bank Compatibility ________ ___________________ ________ | | | | | | | D1A |----------|Transmission System|------------------| D1A | |________| |___________________| |________| ________ ___________________ ________ | | | | | | | D1B |----------|Transmission System|------------------| D1B | |________| |___________________| |________| ________ ___________________ ________ | | | | | | | D1C |----------|Transmission System|------------------| D1C | |________| |___________________| |________| ________ ___________________ ________ | | | | | |* | D1D |--> >--|--|Transmission System|---|----< <------| D1D | |________| | |___________________| | |________| ________ | | ________ | | | | | |* | D2 |--> >--| |----< <-----| D2 | |________| | | |________| ________ | | ________ | | | | | | | D3 |--> >--| |----< <-----| D3 | |________| | | |________| ________ | | ________ | | | | | | | D4 |--> >--| |----< <-----| D4 | |________| | | |________| ________ | | ________ | | | | | | | D5 |--> >--| |----< <-----| D5 | |________| |________| * A D1D or D2 maybe used with a D3, D4, or D5 bank if the D3, D4, or D5 bank is optioned to use the channel sequence of the D1D or D2. While D1D and D2 banks are signal compatible, their end-to-end use is not recommended since their channel sequences are not the same. Compatibility There are three types of compatibility that may have to be considered. 1. Connecting Circuit Compatibility - Compatibility of a channel unit with the connection VF Circuit 2. End-to-End Channel Unit Compatibility - Compatibility of a channel units on either end of a digital facility 3. End-to-End channel Bank Compatibility - Compatibility of the channel banks on either end of a digital facility Only end-to-end channel bank compatibility will be discussed here. In order to be end-to-end compatible, channel banks must use the same coding, signaling, and digital line format. With the exception of D1A, D1B, and D1C, all D-type banks are end-to-end compatible. D1A banks may only be used with D1A banks, D1B with D1B, and D1C with D1C. A D1A may be modified to a D1B. A D1A or D1B may be modified to a D1D. Both conversions must be performed on an out-of-service basis. Application with An Analog Switch (Example: #1/1A ESS) | | ____ ___________ _____________ | _______ | |_________ | | _____ | | |--|-------|->|CU 1| | | | | | | ________ | |<-|-------|--|____| | | | | | | | |<-|-------|--|---*---|--| | | | |--|--*--|-|-| Trunk |--|-------|--|---*---|->|CU 2| | | | | | | |________| | | | | |____| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |<-|---*---|->|CU 3| | | | | | | ___|____ | | | | |____| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |--|--*--|-|-| Trunk |<-|-------|--|---*---|->|CU 4| | | | | | | |________| | | | | |____| Common | | Trunk | | | | | | | | | | | |-> | Link | | TDF | | | | | | DF | | o | | | Network | | | | | | | | | | o | |<- | | | | | | | | | | | o | | | | | | | ___|____ | | | | |____| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Units | | |--|--*--|-|--| Trunk |-|-------|--|---*---|->|CU21| | | | | | | |________| | | | | |____| | | | | | | | | |--|---*---|->| | | | | | | | | | |<-|---*---|--|CU22| | | | | | | ___|____ | | | | |____| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |--|--*--|-|--| Trunk |-|-------|--|---*---|->|CU23| | | | | | | |________| | | | | |____| | | | | | | | ^ | | | | | | | |___________| |_____| |______|_|____| |<-|---*---|->|CU24| | ^ | | | | |_______|__|____|_________| | | | | | | | ______________ | | | | |__| |__| | |____To Facilities & Circuit Eq. |_____| Central |____| For Non-Switched Spec.Svcs. | Control | Scan Signal |______________| Distr Typically, a D-type channel bank will be installed in the transmission area of the Central Office (CO), with a universal lead set from each channel cable to a Distibuting Frame (DF). Any channel may be used for either a message trunk or to other circuit equipment, as required. Message channels may be cross-connected at the TDF to a designated location on the Trunk Link Network. Trunk scan and SD functions are provided over individual leads to the central control processor. The principal advantage of this arrangement is the flexibility of using any channel for any application and to use any channel with any trunk unit. The DF provides a convenient interface between switchingand transmission equipment and minimizes the coordination required in planning, engineering, provisioning, and operations. But, this flexibility comes at a cost -- especially for message trunk applications. The cost is in floor space (for the D-bank and trunk frame), frame space and cross-connects (terminations on two frames), cabling (terminations on two frames, plus universal lead sets), and the wide variety of channel units and trunks units required. No. 1/1A ESS with DCT DCT Bank _______ __________ | | ______________________ | |<-|---*---|------------------>|_TRK/CU___1| | | |<-|---*---|------------------>|__________2| | | |<-|---*---|------------------>|__________3| | | |<-|---*---|------------------>|__________4| | | Trunk | | | | | | | | | | | o | Common |<----- | Link | | TDF | | o | | | | | | | o | Units |-----> | Network | | | |___________| | | |<-|---*---|------------------>|_________21|=====\ | | |<-|---*---|------------------>|_________22| || | | |<-|---*---|------------------>|_________23| D C U | | |<-|---*---|------------------>|_________24|____||____| |__________| |_______| || | | || ___|__|_____ ______||______ | |--------------------------------------| | | Central | PUB | PUC | | Control |--------------------------------------|______________| |____________| An alternative for terminating digital trunks on an analog #1/1A ESS switch is the Digital Carrier Trunk (DCT). With this alternative, the DCT bank (DCTB) replaces the conventional D bank and eliminates the need for a separate trunk frame. In place of conventional channel units, the DCTB is equipped with Combined Channel Units (CCU) which perform the ESS trunk circuit functions and channel units functions in a sigle plug-in unit. The CCU is designed to replace most, but not all, of the 2-wire #1/1A ESS trunk/channel combinations . Only one type of CCU is currently used in the DCTB. The VF side of each channel position is cabled directly to the Trunk Distributing Frame (TDF). Since all combinations are 2-wire trunks with network signaling, only two leads per channel (T&R) need to be cabled to the TDF. Trunks control and many of the routine call processing functions are provided by the Peripheral Unit Controler (PUC), which is a part of the DCT frame. The PUC interfaces the Central Control Processor (via Peripheral Unit Bus leads) and the DCTB channels (via the Digroup Control Unit in the DCTB). The PUB not only relieves the Central Control Processor of routine call processing function, but also eliminates the need for individual trunk scan and scan Distribution leads. The PUC also provides frame diagnostics and reports frame and facility alarms to the Central Control Processor. Normally, the DCT frame is installed in the switching area of the office, due to PUB lead length restrictions and ESS office grounding requirements. Advantages of DCT The following factors contribute to the economic advantages that DCT may provide over conventional D bank/trunk frame arrangements. 1. Floor Space Saving (eliminate trunk frame) 2. Frame Space & Cross-connect Savings (fewer terminations) 3. Cabling Saving (fewer leads to cable) 4. Eliminates Individual Scan & SD Leads 5. Fewer Types of Trunks & Channel Units to be Stocked 6. Simplifies Trunk Design 7. Two-way Trunking (without additional hardware expense) Considerations in Use of DCT DCT can only be used for message trunk applications. DCT cannot be used for special services since all channels are cabled to the TDF with an abbreviated lead set. Separate digital facilities are required for special services. Existing facilities may require grooming or segregation. A DCT frame must be dedicated to one switch. In multiswitch offices, a single DCT frame can be used only for trunks into one switch, due to the link between the PUC and the Central Control Processor. This may require more digital facilities and result in lower system fills. Use of DCT alters operations and methods. In the conventional configuration, prior to DCT, the distributing frame between the D bank and the trunk frame provideed a flexible switch/transmission interface. With DCT, this well-defined interface no longer exists. The DCT bank ios physically located in the switching area. Bank and facility alarmes are now reported to the switching maintenance venters. This change responsibilities, as well as methods, in various engineering and maintenance groups. Ohter operations groups, such as circuit provisioning and switch administration, will also be affected by the elimination of the switch/transmission interface. The Digital Carrier Trunk Frame is a 3-bay configuration, 7 ft. high and 6.5 ft. wide. It consists of: 1 Peripheral Unit Controller (Fully Duplicated) 10 DCT Banks 1 DCT Maintenance Bank A fully equipped DCT Frame will provide 480 trunks for a single #1 or #1A ESS switch. It will normally be installed in the switching area of the office, unually in the area reserved for trunk frames. Digital Carrier Trunk Bank Channel Units ______________________________________________ / \ ___________________________________________________________ |PCL|QIU|TPU| | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| | Digroup |RU|*|A &|TU| | | | | | | | | | | | | | B | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |__|_|___|__|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| / |RU|*|A &|TU| | | | | | | | | | | | | \ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |__|_|___|__|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| | Digroup | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A | PQU | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |___________|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| / Digital Carrier Trunk Bank The DCT bank is a 48-channel bank comprised of an A and B digroup. It uses the same physical mounting as the D4 bank. Each bank consists of 4 shelves, with 12 channel positions per shelf. The bottom 2 shelves make up the A digroup, the top 2 shelves make up the B digroup. Except for the Alarm & Digroup Control Unit (A&DCU) or the Digroup Control Unit (if used), all common unit plug-ins are identical to those used in the D4 bank. DCT can be equipped for the same operational modes as D4, which will be discussed in the next file. Currently, only type of channel unit, the Combined Channel Unit (CCU) is used in the DCT bank. Analog-To-Digital Facility Connection ________________ __________ _________________ | | |----*---->| SF |----*--->| | | | | CU |<---*-----| SIG |<---*----| CU | | | |1______| |__________|<---*--->|_______1| | P | | |----*---->| SF |----*--->| | | C | | CU |<---*-----| SIG |<---*----| CU | | M 60-108| |2______| |__________|<---*--->|_______2| | KHz | A-Bank | | | | |--> <----| | o | o | o | | | | o | o | o | |<-- ---->| | o | o | o | | B | |_______| __________ |________| | i | | |----*---->| SF |----*--->| | | p | | CU |<---*-----| SIG |<---*----| CU | | o |________|12_____| ^ |__________|<---*--->|______12| D-Banks| l | | | | a | | CU | | r Optional |______13| | | | | | CU | | |______14| | | | | | CU | | |________| | | | | | CU | | |______24|________| So far in this file I have talked about converting 24 voice frequncy channels into a PCM bit stream. But on many occasions today we have the need to convert an analog carrier signal (frequency division multiplex) into a PCM bit stream. For example, L-Carrier or L-Multiplex (LMX) facilities may need to be switch. Or we may have the need to take ciruits from an analog microwave radio facility and put them on a digital transmission facility. Initially the only way we could convert an L-Carrier (or LMX) group signal to a PCM bit stream was to use back-to-back channel banks. The L-Carrier group signal was terminated in A-Ttpe channel bank and demodulated into 12 VF channels. Each VF channel signal was then taken through a single frequency signaling set to recover the signaling information. Then the VF and signaling information could be cross-connected to a D bank channel - to be converted to PCM and time division multiplexed with 23 other channels. This got the job done - but it was expensive. Especially when there were large numbers of facilities to be connected. LT-1/LT-1B Facility Connector ___________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | CU | | | | | |_________1| | | | | | | | | | | | CU | | | | | C/S |_________2| | | | | | | | | | ---------->| | o | | | | 60-108 KHz | | o | TU | | | <----------| | o | | | | | GRP 1 |__________| | | | | | | | | | | | CU | | | | | |________11| | | | | | | | | |-----------> | | CU | | | | |________|________12|_________| | | 1.544 Mb/s | | | | LIU | DAU | PCM | | CU | | | | | |________13| | | |<----------- | | | | | | | | CU | | | | | C/S |________14| | | | | | | | | | ---------->| | o | | | | 60-108 KHz | | o | TU | | | <----------| | o | | | | | GRP 2 |__________| | | | | | | | | | | | CU | | | | | |________23| | | | | | | | | | | | CU | | | | |________|________24|_________|__________|__________| To minimize the cost of analog-to-digital facility connections, the LT-1 and LT-1B facility connectors were developed. The LT-1 (or LT-1B) provides the A-to-D and D-to-A conversions between two 12-Channel 1.544Mb/s PCM signal. The incoming L-Carrier group signals (60-108 KHz) are terminated on a Combiner and Splitter (C/S) unit. The splitter connects the group signal to a bus shared by 12 channel units. Each channel unit selects the appropriate 4 KHz band, demodulates the signal to VF, and extracts the SF signaling information. The VF and signaling information is then sampled before leaving the channel unit. PAM signals from the 24 channels are time division multiplexed and sent to the Transmit Unit (TU). The TU quantizes and encodes each PAM signal, inserts framing ans signaling bits, and sends the signal to the Line Interface Unit (LIU). The LIU converts the signal to bipolar and sends it to the Digital Access Unit (DAU). The DAU provides cable equalization and test access to the PCM signal. The D-to0A conversion. Per channel options and controls are provided in the channel units to: 1. Provide insertion loss between the analog and digital channels. 2. Select signaling options. 3. Select trunk conditioning options (CGA). LT-1/LT-1B Facility Connector ________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |<----------Group 1 --------------->|<-------------Group 2-------------->| 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|____________________________________| __ | DAU | LIU |SU|TU|ACU|RU|C & S|C & S|TU|ACU|RU|C & S|C & S| | PU | | | | | | | | GR 1| GR 2| | | | GR 1| GR 2| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |<----Digroup A------>|<-----Digroup B----->| | | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |_________|_____|__|__|___|__|_____|_____|__|___|__|_____|_____|___|_____| __ | | | | | | | | | |<----------Group 1 --------------->|<-------------Group 2-------------->| 3 | | | | | | |___________________________________|____________________________________| ^ | ___________________________________________| | _____________|__________________ | | | 1 = Digroup B Channel Units | | 2 = Common Equipment | | 3 = Digroup Channel Units | |________________________________| The principal difference between an LT-1 and LT-1B facility connector is that the LT-1B offers broader signaling and CGA (Carrier Group Alarm) features. The LT-1 was designed for message channelapplications - specifically for terminating L-Carrier (or LMX) message group on the No. 4ESS digital toll switch. The LT-1B was designed as a general purpose facility connector - where either message or special service circuits could be carried on the group. The physical equipment configuration is essentially the same for both the LT-1 and LT-1B. Each bank involves a 3-shelf double digroupunit which is 13-1/2" high and 22" wide. The channel units for digroup A are mounted (by groups) on the bottom shelf, and the channel units for digroup B are mounted in the top shelf. The middle shelf contains common plug-in units that are either associated with digroup A or B, e.g. TU - Transmit Unit RU - Receive Unit ACU - Alarm Control Unit C&S - Combiner and Splitter (per group) or are shared by both digroups, e.g. DAU - Digital Access Unit LIU - Line Interface Unit SU - Syndes Unit (SYNchronizer-DESynchronizer) PU - Power Unit General Trade manufacturers offer similar L-to-T facility connectors, for example: LTM-1 Transmultiplexer (ITT) - Which is similar to the LT-1B in both function and equipment configuration. TransMuxtm TM 7400 (Graner) - Similar in function to the LT-1B, but dose not involve demodulating to voice frequency. Only uses 10 plug-in cards per digroup. Signaling and CGA functions are programmable though the use of a hand-held unit. The LT-2 Transmultiplexer (AT&T) will replace both the LT-1 and LT-1B, and will bilaterally convert between L-Carrier group signals and PCM signals without demodulating to voice frequency. Level control, insertion of test tones, measurement of test tones - as well as options for echo control, signaling, and trunk processing - will be programmable from a local maintenance access panel, or remotely from TTY terminal. ============================================================================= Gatsby 619-457-1836 ============================================================================= ============================================================================= N.A.S.T.Y. JOURNAL RELEASE 3 - PART 04 ============================================================================= ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ The W.D.I.A. Network ~ ~ An Investigators Tool ~ ~ ~ ~ Date: 08/23/91 Written By: /, which was contained within a list of possibles. If a report containing 1 -OR- 2 TRADE LINES is returned an additional report fee of $26.93 will be invoiced. If a report containing 3 -OR- MORE TRADE LINES is returned an additional report fee of $34.93 will be invoiced. Would you like a Commercial Credit Report on a business? Y/N/Help > y HOT KEYS are {CTRL D} - speedy return to main menu {CTRL P} - finished entry Macintosh users press and hold the Option Key and Cmd Key to substitute for CTRL 1. Company Name -OR- File Number > 2. ZIP Code > TRW BUSINESS PROFILE 517155;;DEMO;000653969; *** FOR DEMONSTRATION PURPOSES ONLY *** PAGE RPT DATE TIME PORT TYPE 1 DEMO DEMO T140 TRAINING 030 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CROCKER INDUSTRIES TRW FILE NUMBER: 000653969 100 MAIN ST FILE ESTABLISHED PRIOR JAN. 1977 PHOENIX AZ 85026 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * A C C O U N T S T A T U S * P BUSINESS DATE DATE PAYMENT RECENT DAYS BEYOND TERMS COMMENTS R CATEGORY REPD LAST TERMS HIGH ACCOUNT CUR 1- 31- 61- O SALE CREDIT BALANCE 30 60 90 91+ F $ $ % % % % % *** TRADE PAYMENT INFORMATION *** --------------------------------- TRADE DATA ---------- -CHEMICALS 11-87 N30 4000 1800 67 22 11 SOLD 10 YR +ELEC EQUIP 01-88 2/10PRX 13500 5900 100 +FAB METALS 09-87 DISC 3500 3500 100 -FACTOR 11-87 2/10N30 2500 600 55 9 18 9 9 SOLD 1 YR +FACTOR 11-87 N30 8500 8300 85 12 1 1 1 +MACHINERY 01-88 2/10N30 10000 6100 100 COLLECT +MACHINERY 09-87 5500 <100 100 SECURED +PREC INSTR 01-88 VARIED 40000 34600 92 4 1 1 2 =PREC INSTR 11-87 NET +100000 30800 59 39 2 PAYS-SLO +RUBR&PLAST 01-88 NET 4100 3300 100 ADS 7 * A C C O U N T S T A T U S * P BUSINESS DATE DATE PAYMENT RECENT DAYS BEYOND TERMS COMMENTS R CATEGORY REPD LAST TERMS HIGH ACCOUNT CUR 1- 31- 61- O SALE CREDIT BALANCE 30 60 90 91+ F $ $ % % % % % ALL TRADE LINE TOTAL: 10 ACCOUNTS 94600 81 16 1 1 1 --------------------- PAYMENT TRENDS: --------------- 30 DAYS AGO TOTALS WERE: 8 ACCOUNTS 91100 80 17 1 1 1 60 DAYS AGO 10 94600 81 16 1 1 1 90 DAYS AGO 10 94600 81 16 1 1 1 120 DAYS AGO 10 93500 83 16 1 150 DAYS AGO 10 94300 81 16 1 1 1 180 DAYS AGO 8 90700 80 17 1 1 1 TRW QUARTERLY CREDIT PATTERN ---------------------------- 4-Q-87 (OCT-DEC) 8 ACCOUNTS 91100 80 17 1 1 1 3-Q-87 (JUL-SEP) 10 94300 81 16 1 1 1 2-Q-87 (APR-JUN) 4 49900 93 3 2 1 1 1-Q-87 (JAN-MAR) 8 90200 81 17 1 1 4-Q-86 (OCT-DEC) 8 91100 80 17 1 1 1 TRW CURRENT PAYMENT GUIDE: ===> F1S <=== -------------------------- ACCOUNT BALANCE RANGE : F = $75,000 - $99,999 COMPANY PAYMENT PERFORMANCE: 1 = FASTER THAN INDUSTRY PAYMENT TREND INDICATOR : S = STABLE **CONTINUED** COPYRIGHT(C) 1988 TRW INC. TRW BUSINESS PROFILE PAGE RPT DATE TIME PORT TYPE 2 DEMO DEMO T140 TRAINING 030 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CROCKER INDUSTRIES TRW FILE NUMBER: 000653969 100 MAIN ST FILE ESTABLISHED PRIOR JAN. 1977 PHOENIX AZ 85026 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *** INQUIRY INFORMATION *** --------------------------- INDUS SUPL 10-87 INQUIRY AUTO PARTS 11-87 INQUIRY ELEC SUPLR 11-87 INQUIRY BANK 01-88 INQUIRY COMMUN EQP 01-88 INQUIRY SERVICES 01-88 INQUIRY *** PUBLIC RECORD INFORMATION *** --------------------------------- UCC PROFILE ----------- UCC-FILED: 07-02-84 J37969 SECURED PTY: THE BENJ FRANKLIN LEASING CO INC, OR 97201 ASSIGNEE: FIRST INTERSTATE BK, BX 3438, PTLD, OR 97208 COLLATERAL: CERT DESCR COMPUTER EQUIP, PRODUCTS UCC-FILED: 07-19-84 J40849 SECURED PTY: THE BENJ FRANKLIN LEASING CO INC, OR 97201 ASSIGNEE: FIRST INTERSTATE BK, BX 3438, PTLD, OR 97208 COLLATERAL: EQUIP, PRODUCTS UCC-ASSIGN: 08-13-85 J55461A ORIG FILING: 10-17-84 J55461 SECURED PTY: FIRST INTERSTATE BK, BX 3438, PTLD, OR 97201 ASSIGNEE: THE BENJ FRANKLIN LEASING CO INC, OR 97201 COLLATERAL: MACHINERY, PRODUCTS *** STANDARD AND POOR'S INFORMATION *** -------------------------------------- BALANCE SHEET FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING DEC 31 DATA CURRENT THROUGH 01-20-88 ($THOUSANDS) 1986 1985 1984 CASH AND EQUIVALENT 39 32 114 RECEIVABLES - NET 548 2,090 981 INVENTORY 740 2,112 1,237 OTHER CURRENT ASSETS 52 144 1,106 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS 1,379 4,378 3,438 FIXED ASSETS - NET 1,068 2,610 1,408 INVESTMENTS 258 105 211 OTHER ASSETS 102 330 158 TOTAL ASSETS 2,807 7,423 5,215 DEBT DUE IN 1 YEAR 272 246 475 NOTES PAYABLE 340 2,273 1,331 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE 706 1,313 929 TAXES PAYABLE 0 0 4 OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES 196 472 223 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 1,514 4,304 2,962 LONG TERM DEBT 693 1,837 833 OTHER LIABILITIES 0 0 29 NET WORTH 600 1,282 1,391 TOTAL LIAB AND NET WORTH 2,807 7,423 5,215 **CONTINUED** COPYRIGHT(C) 1988 TRW INC. TRW BUSINESS PROFILE ***STANDARD & POOR'S INFORMATION--CONTINUED*** *** FOR DEMONSTRATION PURPOSES ONLY - THIS REPORT NOT TO BE SOLD *** PAGE RPT DATE TIME PORT TYPE 3 DEMO DEMO T140 TRAINING 030 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CROCKER INDUSTRIES TRW FILE NUMBER: 000653969 100 MAIN ST FILE ESTABLISHED PRIOR JAN. 1977 PHOENIX AZ 85026 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OPERATING STATEMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING DEC 31 ($THOUSANDS) DATA CURRENT THROUGH 01-20-88 1986 1985 1984 NET SALES 3,414 30,439 4,424 COST OF GOODS SOLD 2,698 27,415 3,084 GROSS INCOME ON SALES 716 3,024 1,340 EXPENSES 2,582 3,167 1,531 PRE-TAX INCOME -1,866 -143 -191 TAXES -402 -35 -81 AFTER TAX INCOME -1,464 -108 -110 EXTRAORD INC & DISCNT'D OPS 781 0 0 NET INCOME -683 -108 -110 CRITICAL DATA AND RATIOS FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING DEC 31 ($THOUSANDS) DATA CURRENT THROUGH 01-20-88 INDUSTRY 1986 1985 1984 TANGIBLE NET WORTH AVERAGES 600 1,282 1,391 NET WORKING CAPITAL SIC 2400 -135 74 476 CURRENT RATIO(TIMES) 2.2 .9 1.0 1.2 % TOTAL DEBT TO TANG NW 237.6 367.8 479.0 274.9 % CURRENT DEBT TO TANG NW 142.6 252.3 335.7 212.9 % AFTER TAX INC TO TANG NW -23.1 -244.0 -8.4 -7.9 % AFTER TAX INC TO NET SALES -3.8 -42.9 - .4 -2.5 NET SALES TO INVENTORY (TIMES) 6.8 4.6 14.4 3.6 CGS TO INVENTORY (TIMES) 5.1 3.6 13.0 2.5 AVG DAYS SALES OUTSTNDNG(DAYS) 49.3 58.6 25.1 80.9 AUDITOR OPINION QUALIFIED QUALIFIED QUALIFIED FTNOTE:84,85,86-DATA REFLECTS A RECLASSIFICATION OF CERTAIN ITEMS FTNOTE:84,85,86-COST OF GOODS SOLD REDUCED BY NON-ALLOCATED DEPRECIATION INDUSTRY AVERAGES ARE BASED ON 20 COMPANIES *** KEY FACTS INFORMATION *** ----------------------------- ***THE INFORMATION BELOW HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY STANDARD & POOR'S*** FURTHER EXPLANATION AVAILABLE IN S&P REFERENCE GUIDE. PRODUCT/SERVICE: HOLDING CO.; BOWLING CTR., LUMBER & VENEER, ELECTRONIC EQUIP.; SIC NOS.: 6719, 2436, 3679, 5031, 7933 EMPLOYEES: 150 YRS. IN BUS.: 31 TEL: 503-293-0224 OWNERSHIP: PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT: MOSS ADAMS PHOENIX,AZ PRIMARY BANK: U. S. NATIONAL BANK OF OREGON PHOENIX,AZ OFFICERS: PRES - B. L. ENGEL SECY - T. E. ENGEL TEL: 602-555-1100 *** BANK INFORMATION *** ------------------------ BANK-BORROWER-LARCHMONT NAT'L BANK,1130 7TH STREET,PHOENIX,AZ (602)555-8231 BANK-NAT'L BANK OF SAN MARINO,3471 LOS COYOTE PASS,SAN MARINO,AZ (602)555-3726 THE INFORMATION HEREIN IS FURNISHED IN CONFIDENCE FOR YOUR EXCLUSIVE USE FOR LEGITIMATE BUSINESS PURPOSES AND SHALL NOT BE REPRODUCED. NEITHER TRW INC., NOR ITS SOURCES OR DISTRIBUTORS WARRANT SUCH INFORMATION NOR SHALL THEY BE LIABLE FOR YOUR USE OR RELIANCE UPON IT. COPYRIGHT(C) 1988 TRW INC. CRE: Consumer Credit (Reports on Individuals Only) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *** FEDERAL LAW STRICTLY REGULATES CONSUMER CREDIT REPORTING. *** *** NOT EVERYONE CAN LEGALLY QUALIFY FOR ACCESS *** Below are listed some of the permissible purposes for obtaining and utilizing consumer credit reports. *** PERMISSIBLE PURPOSES FOR OBTAINING A CONSUMER CREDIT REPORT *** A. In response to the order of a court having jurisdiction to issue such an order. B. In accordance with the written instructions of the consumer to whom it relates. C. I intend to use the information in connection with a credit transaction involving the consumer on whom the information is to be furnished. D. I intend to use the information in connection with the extension of credit to the consumer. E. I intend to use the information in connection with the review or collection of an account of the consumer. F. I intend to use the information for employment purposes. G. I intend to use the information in connection with the underwriting of insurance involving the consumer. H. I intend to use the information in connection with a determination of the consumer's eligibilty for a license or other benefit granted by a governmental instrumentality required by law to consider an applicant's financial responsibility or status. The sources of consumer credit for the Sd, California are listed below Local Consumer Credit Report Selections Available Select Rating Source Cost Group Rate Savings ------ -------- ------ ---- ------------------ A. - - Best Node 4 $ 8.63 B. - - 2nd Best Node 5 $ 9.13 C. - - 3rd Best Node 1 $ 9.08 D. - 2 searches Both A. AND B. $17.26 Save $0.50 E. - 2 searches Both B. AND C. $17.71 Save $0.50 F. - 2 searches Both A. AND C. $17.21 Save $0.50 G. - 3 searches All 3 searches $25.84 Save $1.00 H. - *** End This Search ** N A T I O N A L C R E D I T R E P O R T I N G N E T W O R K ** ** N O D E # 4 ** MARKET AREA...5 3 LETTER EXTENSION...(TOL) SUB CODE AREA...TL RPT ON SSN DOB CONSUMER, FRED M 291-24-7209 TEL# CURR ADD RPTD 309 VINE ST., CINCINNATI OH. 45202 2/90 FRMR ADD 214 WROE AV., DAYTON OH. 45406 10/86R 11/86R 1111 SR, BETHEL OH.,133 45106 10/86R CURR EMP & ADD PSTN/INCM EMPDTE RPTD DUNBAR MECH 8/89R FRMR EMP & ADD LOCAL 50 PIPEFITTING PIPE WELDER 12/86R * N O T E * **TRANS-ALERT**SEE END RPT **** S U M M A R Y I N F O R M A T I O N **** TRD=7 NEG=2 PUB=0 COL=0 INQS=6 BAL=$29.0K HC-CL=$0-0 **** T R A D E I N F O R M A T I O N **** SUBSCRIBER NAME / # OPND HICR UPDATED BAL PASTDUE PAYMENT MOP ACCOUNT# TERM LMT CLOSED MAX.DEL HISTORY ECOA / COLLATERAL REMARKS ------------------- ---- ------------- --- ------- ------- --- UCB COLLECTI Y 7510 6/88 $168 10/88A $0 $0 I9B 1035739 6/88F I *PLACED FOR COLLECTION / MASTER CD B719 11/84 $5000 7/86F $0 $0 I09 275684265 ST 50M TRF I SHILITOS Z2223 12/85 $2629 12/85F $2438 111111112311 I09 2275684265 ST $3000 03 25 2 1 0 PRL I FORD MOTOR CR T223 12/85 $9578 12/85F $1463 I09 1275684265 85 MUSTANG AU 48x275 PRL I ASSOCIATES B188407 5/85 $4000 12/85F $4000 $379 XXX111111111 I09 139752155953 $0 109M54 10 0 0 0 STU I WRIGHT ST UNIV QDY1674 1/85 $407 5/85F $407 $407 O9B SIPP CLA I **** P R E V I O U S & C U R R E N T I N Q U I R I E S **** TOTAL NUMBER OF INQUIRIES = 6 DATE ECOA SUBCRIBER CODE SUBSCRIBER NAME ---- ---- -------------- --------------- 2/14/90 I RCI6012 WDIA CORP 9/20/89 I BTL600(TOL) CITZ SVG PEM 8/30/89 I ZTL5252(TOL) CONSUM DISCL 8/26/89 I BEC10036(TOL) HOME BANKING 8/24/89 I FEC10020(TOL) FOST AREA CU NCB0000290(ILM)-6/5/89I * L O O K * ***TRANS-ALERT: CURRENT INPUT ADDRESS DOES NOT MATCH FILE ADDRESS(ES)*** * L O O K * *** HAWK-ALERT: CLEAR **** P U B L I C R E C O R D I N F O R M A T I O N **** SOURCE COURT DATE LIAB TYPE ASSETS PAID DOCKET NUM. PLAINTIFF/ATTORNEY ------ ---------- ---- ---- ------ ---- ----------- ------------------ Z4 CC 3/84R $5078 PF I 1/86 00000000803 PAID FEDERAL TAX LIEN Z4 CC 3/84R $5078 FT I 803 19674/105548949 FEDERAL TAX LIEN MISC SEE FILE ON FRED PUBLIC CONSUMER STATEMENT: PAYMENTS MADE TO FORD MOTOR COMPANY WERE NOT ACCOUNTED FOR **END OF CREDIT REPORT** REPORT SERVICED BY: NATIONAL CREDIT INFORMATION NETWORK NCI BUILDING 7721 HAMILTON AVENUE POST OFFICE BOX 31221 CINCINNATI, OHIO 45231-0221 CONSUMER INQUIRIES/INTERVIEWS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS -OR- TO CALL (513) 522-3832 MON-FRI 9AM-4PM EST ****** E N D O F N E T W O R K T R A N S M I S S I O N ****** Searching for a report on Fred Consumer ** N A T I O N A L C R E D I T R E P O R T I N G N E T W O R K ** ** N O D E # 5 ** 3-87 FRED CONSUMER SS# 291-24-7209 309 VINE CINCINNATI, OH 45202 P / N SUBSCRIBER NAME SUBR # ASSN ACCOUNT # MONTHS PRIOR STATUS STATUS DATE TYPE TERM AMT BAL BALANCE AMOUNT TO BAL DATE COMMENT DATE OPEN DATE PAST DUE 123456789012 A MARYLAND BANK N A 1230206 1 523787175119 CURR ACCT 9-87 12-85 CRC REV$10000 $9311 9-30-87 CCCCCCCCCCCC A BENEFICIAL NATIONAL BAN1232146 1 612672506652 PD WAS 90 8-85 12-82 CRC REV $2500 A DILLARDS DEPT STORE 1398334 1 95623652 CURR ACCT 8-87 9-79 CRC REV UNKN $0 8-07-87 CCCCCCC-CCC- A DILLARDS DEPT STORE 1398334 1 95226256 CURR ACCT 8-87 3-82 CRC REV UNKN $0 8-07-87 CCCCCCC-CCC- A DILLARDS DEPT STORE 1398334 1 91514515 CURR ACCT 8-87 1-83 CRC REV UNKN $0 8-07-87 CCCCCCC-CCC- A UNITED BANKCARD ASSOC 3240177 4 1451345614634651 CURR ACCT 9-87 2-84 CRC REV $3200 $2320 9-30-87 CCCCCCCC A UNITED BANKCARD ASSOC 3240177 1 4257562356234435 CURR ACCT 9-87 11-79 CRC REV $5000 $4645 9-30-87 CCCCCCCC A CITICORP ACCEPTANCE CO 3572641 1 5676573686538383 CURR ACCT 7-87 11-85 ISC 48$21600$13076 7-24-87 CC A TINKER CREDIT UNION 3768410 2 1456763745846854 CURR ACCT 10-87 12-85 UNK 20$20000 $9025 10-01-87 -CCCCCC M P & L INVESTMENT 7660156 INQUIRY 8-14-87 ------*ATTN* FILE VARIATION: STREET INIT IS 5 8-86 FRED CONSUMER 798 WILSON OKLAHOMA CITY OK 73115 A DILLARDS DEPT STORE 1398334 3 32197250 CURR ACCT 8-87 1-80 CRC REV UNKN $0 8-07-87 CCCCCCC-CCC- **** AUTO-FILE - CONTAINS AUTOMATED SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION ONLY **** ------END ****** E N H A N C E D D I R E C T O R Y F O R M A T ****** SUBCODE SUBSCRIBER TELEPHONE ADDRESS CITY ST ZIP ------- ---------- --------- ------- ---- -- --- 1230206 MARYLAND BANK N A (800)441-9977 P O BOX 15023 WILMINGT DE 19850 1232146 BENEFICIAL NATIONAL BANK (302)792-4000 P O BOX 911 WILMINGT DE 19899 1398334 DILLARDS DEPT STORE (501)376-5380 P O BOX 486 LITTLE R AR 77203 1398334 DILLARDS DEPT STORE (501)376-5380 P O BOX 486 LITTLE R AR 77203 1398334 DILLARDS DEPT STORE (501)376-5380 P O BOX 486 LITTLE R AR 77203 3240177 UNITED BANKCARD ASSOC (405)672-0606 P O BOX 55555 DEL CITY OK 73155 3240177 UNITED BANKCARD ASSOC (405)672-0606 P O BOX 55555 DEL CITY OK 73155 3572641 CITICORP ACCEPTANCE CO (918)663-6100 PO BOX 470708 TULSA OK 74147 3768410 TINKER CREDIT UNION (405)732-0324 6501 TINKER DI MIDWEST OK 73110 7660156 P & L INVESTMENT (801)268-9275 4541 SOUTH 700 SALT LAK UT 84107 1398334 DILLARDS DEPT STORE (501)376-5380 P O BOX 486 LITTLE R AR 77203 ****** E N D O F N E T W O R K T R A N S M I S S I O N ****** Searching for a report on Fred Consumer ** N A T I O N A L C R E D I T R E P O R T I N G N E T W O R K ** ** N O D E # 1 ** * 070 CBI ATL 5505 P TREE DUNWOODY RD STE 600 ATLANTA GA 30342 800/555-9342 *CONSUMER,FRED SINCE 05/00/84 FAD 03/19/89 FN-400 8974,CROSLEY,,DETROIT,MI,48239,TAPE RPTD 05/87 SEX-M,MAR-M, Date of Birth = 05/06/33,SS Number = 287-34-0002 **** E M P L O Y M E N T I N F O R M A T I O N **** CURRENT EMPLOYMENT 01 ES-DRIVER,COMM CARRIERS,MIAMI,FL FORMER EMPLOYMENT 02 EF-TRUCK DRIVER,OVER SEAS TRANSPORT CO,MIAM,FL,,VER 09/68 INQUIRY ALERT - SUBJECT SHOWS 4 INQUIRIES SINCE 11/89 **** A C C O U N T S U M M A R Y **** *SUM-03/84-01/90,PR/OI-YES,COLL-NO,FB-NO, ACCTS:5,HC$3317-41000, 5-ONES ** P U B L I C R E C O R D O R O T H E R I N F O R M A T I O N ** 01 02/86 LIEN 168VQ25,167260 DETROIT MI JNT WITH SHIRLEY,$3400,VF 02 01/84 LIEN 168VQ25,59918A REDFORD TWP MI STATE,$,VS 03 04/87 LIEN 168VQ25,151545 DETROIT MI JNT WITH SHIRLEY,$5480,VF 04 06/87 LIEN 168VQ25,175500 CO RECORDER DETROIT MI,$2413,VF ************************************************ **** T R A D E I N F O R M A T I O N **** FIRM / IDENT CODE CS RPTD LIMIT HICR BAL $ DLA MR (30-60-90) MAX/DEL ECOA/ACCOUNT NUMBER OPND P/DUE TERM 24 MONTH HISTORY ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISCOVR CD*905ON1497 R1 01/90 2100 --- 0 08/89 31 I/601100258002 03/87 --- --- SEARS *906DC29 R1 01/90 --- 502 0 01/90 24 I/8653-6481488287000 08/83 --- --- REVOLVING TOTALS 2100 502 74 --- 20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LAZARUS *906DC789 O1 08/86 --- 0 0 06/85 09 I/7837577841 11/62 --- --- OPEN TOTALS --- --- --- --- --- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDIANA MG*906FM7119 I1 01/90 --- 41000 40250 12/89 17 J/3290730017 03/87 --- 341 FMC *905FA3526 I1 12/89 --- 12181 5261 12/89 36 (01-00-00) I/ABV2153433 11/86 --- 203 INDEPENDEN*168FM28 I1 08/88 --- 41000 0 06/88 16 J/5441219952 03/87 --- 483 ACCOUNT TRANSFERRED FMC *905FA3559 I1 03/88 --- 3317 0 01/85 48 I/AEA1359BY8 03/84 --- 138 FMC *905FA3526 I1 03/88 --- 13356 0 12/86 39 I/ABA215KKF7 12/84 --- 278 INSTALLMENT TOTALS --- 53181 45511 --- 544 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GRAND TOTALS --- 53683 45511 --- 544 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **** P R E V I O U S I N Q U I R I E S **** *INQS-CHRYSLER1S 491FM23845 02/09/90 METRO MRTG 702FM20418 02/05/90 CHRYS 1ST 491FP23281 11/20/89 CHRYSLER1S 491FM23845 11/01/89 HECHINGER 491LZ29805 08/05/89 ORSMN CHEV 491AN10573 09/30/88 ORSMN CHEV 491AN10573 08/01/88 ****** E N H A N C E D D I R E C T O R Y F O R M A T ****** * MEMBER # COMP. NAME TELEPHONE * MEMBER # COMP. NAME TELEPHONE ---------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------- 906DC29 SEARS 201-7090100 906BB115 CITIBANK 800-8430777 496DC319 STERN'S 513-5732109 906DC151 LORD & TAY 212-8275204 906CG68 LERNERS 614-7559944 426DC33 A&S 718-8757200 ****** E N D O F N E T W O R K T R A N S M I S S I O N ****** DLD: Drivers License Records via ENTERING ONLY - Name and Date Of Birth DRI: Drivers License Histories LIC: License Plate Searches VIN: Vehicle Identification Number Search ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NOTE: The NCI Network has 2 different and unique ways by which you can search for Drivers License Numbers and/or Drivers License Records. The Menu CMD Code for these searches is DLD This unique service allows you to enter merely the NAME, DATE OF BIRTH, and STATE TO SEARCH and the search will be able to produce either the DL# only or the complete driving record history. The above DLD method of searching is more expensive than obtaining a driving record when you have much more identification information to provide such as the DL#, and address etc. but if you are short on information, TRY IT, YOU'LL LIKE IT! MVR REPORTS HOT KEYS are {CTRL D} - speedy return to main menu {CTRL P} - finished entry Macintosh users press and hold the Option Key and Cmd Key to substitute for CTRL 1. Last Name > 2. First Name > 3. Middle Name > 4. State Abbreviation > 5. Drivers License Number > 6. Drivers Gender ... M)ale or F)emale > 7. Date of Birth > The cost for this MVR Report from California will be $7.66 The typical WORKING DAY/WEEK turnaround time for reports from California is approximately 24 HOURS The state of California requires that requests be submitted before 15:30 hrs E.S.T. in order to be considered as requested today. The current date and time is Tuesday, June 25th 1991 ... 16:53 hrs E.S.T. MVR REQUEST FROM: KANSAS INFORMATION REPORTED: 05/23/88 FRED CONSUMER 658 S FRONT SALINA, KS SEX HEIGHT WEIGHT EYES HAIR ALAIS NAME/PREVIOUS LICENSE NO. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M 5'6" 145 BRWN DRIVERS LICENSE NO. DATE OF BIRTH ISSUED DATE EXPIRE DATE SSN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- V5D6Q1 08/12/63 467-54-1234 LICENSE TYPE/CLASS STATUS RESTRICTIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLASS CD VIOL VIOL/SUS CON/REIN VIOLATION TYPE DATE DATE VIOLATION DESCRIPTION CODE PTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CONV 03/01/85 SPEED IN EXCESS OF POSTED MAXIMUM SP3 2 CONV 10/09/85 SPEED IN EXCESS OF POSTED MAXIMUM SP3 2 CONV 11/01/85 SPEED IN EXCESS OF POSTED MAXIMUM SP3 2 CONV 05/14/86 FAIL TO OBEY TRAFFIC INSTRUCTIONS,OR DEVICES SC1 2 CONV 07/12/86 DRIVING WRONG WAY OR IMP LANE CHANGE WW1 INFO 10/09/86 ATTENDED DRIVER IMPROVEMENT CLINIC AA5 -2 CONV 03/11/87 SPEED IN EXCESS OF POSTED MAXIMUM SP3 2 CONV 06/26/87 SPEED IN EXCESS OF POSTED MAXIMUM SP3 2 END OF MVR REPORT Would you like to request another MVR Report? Y/N/P)ricelist > p MVR Price Sheet ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ This MVR Price Sheet is based on ... Requesting the MVR information on-line at 1200 baud and SUBMISSION NOW would qualify for the WEEKDAY 1200 BAUD SUBMISSION RATES. ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- WEEKDAY RATES ARE IN EFFECT Monday thru Friday 8AM to 5PM E.S.T ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EVENING RATES ARE IN EFFECT Monday thru Friday 5PM to 11PM E.S.T Sunday 5PM to 11PM E.S.T ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- WEEKEND/LATENIGHT RATES ARE IN EFFECT Everyday 11PM to 8AM E.S.T. All Day Saturday Sunday Midnight to 5PM E.S.T. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Current Date and Time is TUESDAY, JUNE 25th 1991 16:54 E.S.T. Submission of your requests during periods in which other time or baud rates are in effect will cause the below costs to be different. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- State Cost Turn-around Time Submission Cutoff Time ****************************************************************************** North Dakota 7.66 48 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Arizona 6.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Utah 8.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Missouri 6.91 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Hawaii 7.66 6-10 WEEKS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Wyoming 6.66 3 DAYS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. North Carolina 9.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Colorado 7.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Kentucky 8.56 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Minnesota 7.66 SAME DAY / 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. New Jersey 6.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. New York 7.66 SAME DAY / 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Iowa 10.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Puerto Rico 10.66 10-20 DAYS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Alabama 11.41 SAME DAY / 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Indiana 9.01 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Kansas 6.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Montana 7.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Texas 8.16 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Virginia 7.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. South Dakota 9.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Connecticut 10.66 SAME DAY / 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Florida 7.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. District of Columbia 7.66 5 DAYS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Mississippi 12.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. New Hampshire 10.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Maine 9.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Idaho 8.36 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Oklahoma 10.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Nevada 8.66 24 HOURS 14:30 hrs E.S.T. South Carolina 9.66 72 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Tennessee 10.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Alaska 10.66 6-10 WEEKS 14:30 hrs E.S.T. Vermont 9.66 SAME DAY / 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Maryland 7.66 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Washington 10.16 24 HOURS 14:30 hrs E.S.T. West Virginia 10.66 10-20 DAYS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Illinois 7.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Wisconsin 7.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Georgia 8.66 24 HOURS 09:30 hrs E.S.T. New Mexico 6.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Delaware 9.66 48 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Nebraska 7.41 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Ohio 7.66 SAME DAY / 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. California 7.66 24 HOURS 15:30 hrs E.S.T. Pennsylvania 10.66 24 HOURS 09:30 hrs E.S.T. Louisiana 11.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. Michigan 12.21 24 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Rhode Island 15.66 48 HOURS 10:30 hrs E.S.T. Oregon 7.66 24 HOURS 14:30 hrs E.S.T. Arkansas 12.66 24 HOURS 12:30 hrs E.S.T. GRA: Grantor Name/Phone from Credit Reports ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This research should be able to provide you with names, addresses, and/or phone numbers of these Inquiring Members. Cost for this ID#/Lookup is $1.00 A sample of the type of output this could provide is below . . . TRANS UNION CODE: RCI8457(DAY) WDIA CORP WDIA CORPORATION P O BOX 31221 CINCINNATI OH 45231 513-522-3832 CRI: Criminal History Searches ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SUB MENU Search Type Cost ------------ ---- 0-Return to Main Menu 1-Criminal History Search - county records . . . . . . . $34.09 2-Criminal History Search - county & certified copy . . . $42.23 3-Criminal History Search - state records only . . . . . $44.09 4-Criminal History Search - state & certified copy . . . $54.09 5-Criminal History Search - federal records only . . . . $49.09 6-Criminal History Search - federal & certified copy . . $59.09 7-Workers Compensation Claims History Search . . . . . . $28.59 8-Display online RELEASE Of Information Forms 9-ONLINE HELP INFORMATION ON SEARCHS 1 THRU 7 NOTE: A SIGNED RELEASE BY THE SUBJECT -OR- A INDEMNITY RELEASE SIGNED BY YOUR COMPANY IS REQUIRED BEFORE A CRIMINAL HISTORY OR WORKER COMPENSATION REPORT IS RELEASED TO YOUR ELECTRONIC MAILBOX Blank release forms can be printed by pressing 8 then [ENTER] HELP SCREEN FOR CRIMINAL RECORD SEARCHES AND WORKER COMP CLAIMS Information provided to NCI clients on criminal record searches and worker comp claims reports will require a release from the subject you are requesting infor- mation on. Each report request cannot be sent back to you without a release signed by the subject. The following is a standard release form we accept. If you already have release forms signed by your employees or prospective employees and wish to use your own release form, you may send a copy for approval by fax. Although all report requests are to be loaded and picked-up online, all re- leases must be faxed to the following number: 1-800-637-7348. You may choose to forward the release by regular or overnight mail, but this will delay your re- port being returned. If there is any doubt that your release is not adequate, please use the following release: ****************************************************************************** RELEASE OF INFORMATION FOR CRIMINAL HISTORY REPORTS AND WORKER COMP CLAIMS Name:{Last}________________________{First}________________{Middle}_____________ Date of Birth:________________ SOCIAL SECURITY # : ________________________ I hereby authorize your company or any agent of your company, to contact any of my previous employers or to contact schools, companies, credit bureaus, corpora- tions, law enforcement agencies, persons and educational institutions to supply any information concerning my background. I also hereby release any of the above from any liability and responsibility arising from their doing so. This research may be performed for information dating back for the past ten years. I hereby also give my permission, as a condition of employment or apart of my duties relating to employment, for the release of all appropriate background information regarding my credit history, criminal record history, driving record history or other sources of information which is permissable by all governing laws pertaining to employment, insurance or credit history. I believe to the best of my knowledge that all information I have provided is accurate, true and correct and that I fully understand the terms of this release. Signature:___________________________ Date:_____________________________ Current Address:__________________________________________________________ Previous Address:_________________________________________________________ Phone:___________________ ***************************************************************************** ENTRY FORMAT The following information must be included in your report request for accurate searches to be performed. If informational items are missing, the request will be sent for processing but the results may not be satisfactory to your needs. Once the request has been sent by you, you will be charged since NCI automatic- ally begins the computerized search for the record. Name, Address, City, State, Zip, Social Security Number, Date of Birth or Age REPORT LANGUAGE The report response for the criminal record search will contain the following types of information. EXAMPLE RESPONSE WITH RECORD ---------------------------- Our investigation was conducted through the Gasha county clerk's office. The clerks's office showed a John Smith with a date of birth of 11/11/43 residing at 14 Hill street in city of Bedford, NY. He was convicted of narcotics possession on 8/10/89 and received a 90 day suspended sentence. EXAMPLE RESPONSE WITHOUT RECORD ------------------------------- Our investigation was conducted through the Hamilton county clerk's office. Checking back as far as available to our source, we found no record of any convictions on Jo consumer with the information provided. The report response for the worker comp claims searches will contain the following types of information. EXAMPLE RESPONSE WITH A WORKERS COMPENSATION CLAIM -------------------------------------------------- Jo Consumer suffered injury to right hand 11/12/85. Employer was R&L Packaging. Number of days missed 12. Amount of claim $530.00. EXAMPLE RESPONSE WITHOUT A WORKERS COMPENSATION CLAIM ----------------------------------------------------- Worker comp claims filed by a Jo Consumer in the state of Ohio were non- existant. No filed claims were reported according as far back as available to our source. ******************************************************************************* CERTIFIED COPIES OF RECORDS NCI clients can request a certified copy of reports that are returned online with actual claims, convictions or charges. Certified copies from the appropriate state/county or federal court are forwarded by regular mail within 7 to 10 days of request by client. There is an additional charge for this ser- vice and certified copies cannot be requested by electronic mail after the search has been performed. If a search is requested without requesting certified and then later a certified or audit trail is desired the search must be ran and again as a certified type of search and is billable as such in full. No credit is given for the original search which was not requested for certified. (NOTE: see disclaimer) Not all states can provide certified copies of statewide criminal histories. States which do not have EVERY county reporting to the state on a centralized basis cannot provide a written certified statement that all of the state was searched for criminal history. The states which will provide a certified copy are Arkansas, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota (notarized release required), Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. Most of states which can not provide certified copies on a state wide search level can provide a certified copies of an individual county by county request. ********************************* ************************** DISCLAIMER *************************** ********************************* No record, set of records, or report supplied by W.D.I.A. Corporation or a supplier of W.D.I.A. Corporation is acceptable for use as an exhibit or as evidence. The reports supplied by W.D.I.A. Corporation are supplied for informational research only. It is the sole responsibility of the recipient of any information, to obtainable evidential verification of all information provided if the recipient is in need of information which is of evidential quality. Information is obtained from a multitude databases, record keeping systems, and other sources over which W.D.I.A. Corporation and/or its suppliers have no control. These are fallible electronic and human sources and there can be absolutely no warranty expressed or implied as to the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or availibility of the records listed, nor to the fitness for the purpose of the recipient of such records or reports. Information provided may indeed be limited or may not be totally current. There can be absolutely no guarantee the information pertains to, or pertains exclusively to, the search criteria information which was submitted by the requesting party. None of the above disclaimers are meant to supercede any governing laws and/or pertinent regulations. ***************************************************************************** ORIGIN OF REPORTS All worker comp claim reports are generated from the state of origin and is a statewide search. Criminal history reports can be searched in three ways: by county, statewide or at the federal court level for a particular state. Criminal record convictions and charges will list felonies and criminal misdemeanors. There are separate fee charges for each level of search. ******************************************************************************* PROJECTED TURNAROUND CRIMINAL HISTORY REPORTS All of the above named reports will be returned by E-Mail on the average of 3 to 5 business days. Certified copies will be returned by mail within 10-14 business days of request. ******************************************************************************* REPORT COVERAGE States where state-wide criminal checks are or are not not available: ALABAMA..SW NOT AVAILABLE. ALASKA...SW NOT AVAILABLE. ARIZONA..SW NOT AVAILABLE ARKANSAS.SW AVAILABLE. CALIFORNIA..SW NOT AVAILABLE. COLORADO.SW AVAILABLE. CONNECTICUT.SW NOT AVAILABLE. DELAWARE....SW AVAILABLE. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA...SW AVAILABLE. FLORIDA.....SW AVAILABLE..TURN-AROUND TIME MINIMUM TWO WEEKS GEORGIA.....SW NOT AVAILABLE. HAWAII......SW NOT AVAILABLE. IDAHO.......SW NOT AVAILABLE. ILLINOIS....SW NOT AVAILABLE. INDIANA.....SW AVAILABLE, HT, WT, PLACE OF BIRTH & DMV# NOW REQUIRED FOR SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION. IOWA........SW NOT AVAILABLE. KANSAS......SW AVAILABLE. KENTUCKY....SW AVAILABLE 2-3 WEEKS TURN AROUND LOUISIANA...SW AVAILABLE. MAINE.......SW AVAILABLE 2-3 WEEKS TURN AROUND THOSE WITH RECORDS MARYLAND....SW NOT AVAILABLE, MAYBE AVAILABLE IN THE FUTURE. MASSACHUSETTS..SW NOT AVAILABLE MICHIGAN....SW AVAILABLE MINNESOTA..SW AVAILABLE WITH NOTARIZED RELEASE MISSISSIPPI..SW NOT AVAILABLE MISSOURI....SW AVAILABLE MONTANA.....SW AVAILABLE NEBRASKA....SW AVAILABLE, 2 WEEKS TURN AROUND NEVADA......SW NOT AVAILABLE NEW HAMPSHIRE..SW NOT AVAILABLE NEW JERSEY.....SW NOT AVAILABLE NEW MEXICO.....SW AVAILABLE NEW YORK.......SW NOT AVAILABLE NORTH CAROLINA..SW NOT AVAILABLE NORTH DAKOTA....SW AVAILABLE OHIO............SW AVAILABLE ONLY WITH FINGERPRINTS OKLAHOMA........SW AVAILABLE OREGON..........SW AVAILABLE, 2 WEEKS TURN-AROUND TIME FOR THOSE WITH RECORDS PENNSYLVANIA...SW AVAILABLE RHODE ISLAND...SW NOT AVAILABLE SOUTH DAKOTA...SW AVAILABLE ONLY WITH FINGERPRINTS SOUTH CAROLINA..SW NOT AVAILABLE TENNESSEE...SW NOT AVAILABLE TEXAS.......SW NOT AVAILABLE UTAH........SW NOT AVAILABLE VERMONT.....SW NOT AVAILABLE VIRGINIA....SW AVAILABLE WITH NOTARIZED RELEASE ONLY! WASHINGTON..SW AVAILABLE WITH FINGERPRINTS ONLY W VIRGINIA..SW AVAILABLE WISCONSIN...SW AVAILABLE WYOMING.....SW NOT AVAILABLE. PLEASE BE ADVISED THAT THIS LIST IS UPDATED FREQUENTLY. THESE REQUIREMENTS, SHOULD, AT THE EARLIEST, BE IN EFFECT BY APRIL 22, 1991. PLEASE....ALSO REMEMBER THAT THE LIST AND INFORMATION ABOVE IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE, AND IS AVAILABLE ONLINE FOR YOUR FUTURE USE. ***PLEASE NOTE:*** Criminal record searches by county and searches by federal court in any given state are available in all 50 states. DEA: Death Record Search via SSN ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Death Record Database Search via SSN Cost = $8.24 Would you like a Death Record Database Search? Y/N > y Do you need an explanation on how to enter the social? Y/N > y ENTER the following command string, instead of a normal credit request S/123-45-6789 or S/123-45-6789/222-33-4444/333-44-5555/444-55-6666/555-66-7777 then press [RETURN] {You may search for 1 to 5 social security numbers during a single pass} For a FREE DEMONSTRATION enter S/123-45-6789 then press [RETURN] **** DEATH RECORD HIT **** Social Security Number ... 123-45-6789 This Social Security Number was listed as deceased as of 10/72 EMP: Employment Purpose Credit Reports ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The Main Menu option you have just selected will allow you to obtain consumer credit reports on individuals. Your purpose for obtaining information while in this mode, must be for employment purposes. The consumers for whom reports are returned, will be notified by the NCI Network that a report has been rendered to your company and that the report is to used for employment purposes. You will be asked to enter the company for which the employment report is being requested, if the subject is not applying to work for your company, please enter the name of the company with whom the consumer applied. This will cut down on the number of consumer inquiries because of confusion. The Fair Credit Reporting Act requires NCI to contact and notify the that a consumer credit was pulled for employment purposes. All consumer credit report PRICES QUOTED below, when used for employment purposes INCLUDE A $3.50 employment compliance surcharge, to cover the cost of federal compliance. KRI: Kris-Cross Plus - 92 Million - Names and Addresses and Telephone Numbers ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ National Kris-Cross Plus allows a user to enter a name/address -OR- phone number -OR- name/address/phone number. The database has over 92 million names/address/phone records and delivers - Name, address, and phone number verification - Nine Digit ZipCode Information - NCI Change of Address Files (doesn't include USPS info) - Dwelling unit type and size (single or Multifamily 10 unit) - Names, Addresses, Phone Numbers, and dwelling unit size of up to Nine Neighbors who reside nearby. Fast skip-tracing for collection Locate delinquent accounts with instant searches on their former neighborhoods, with on-line, nine neighbor skip-tracing. * Saves days on collection * Nine-neighbor search * Access to the most up-to-date change-of-address file available NCI provides the ability to batch up to 20 requests before sending the requests to the databases necessary for retrieval of the information. This greatly decreases the response time on multiple requests. Included in the system sources are unlisted phone numbers. However, not ever unlisted number is included in the database. KRIS-CROSS PLUS accesses over 92 million files taken from sources such as: criss-cross directories, voter registration records, diver registration records, magazine subscriptions and the U.S. Postal Service change of address files. Records are updated as new information becomes available. POS: Nci Change Of Address (NCOA) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If htis option is chosen, the system will attempt to search for a possible change in address for the individual requested in the search information section. This search follows the license rules of the National Change of Address (NCOA) system of the U.S. Postal Service. Note: At least the last name is required for this type of search but the full name is best. The format of the name line is first name, or first name last name. The output of the CHANGE OF ADDRESS appears in the lower portion of the requested data section showing the name/address, move type and move effective date. Move type can be individual, family, or firm. the move eff date is the date the change of address becomes/became effective. SSN: Ssn Tracing - SS#-Locate ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1. SSN tracking ... cost is $5.93 for a 1ST SOURCE search per ssn 2. SSN tracking ... cost is $5.93 for a 2ND SOURCE search per ssn 3. SSN tracking ... cost is $5.93 for a 3RD SOURCE search per ssn 4. SSN tracking ... cost is $10.81 for BOTH 1ST and 2ND SOURCE searches per ssn \== $avings of $1.05 over individual pricing 5. SSN tracking ... cost is $10.81 for BOTH 2ND and 3RD SOURCE searches per ssn \== $avings of $1.05 over individual pricing 6. SSN tracking ... cost is $10.81 for BOTH 1ST and 3RD SOURCE searches per ssn \== $avings of $1.05 over individual pricing 7. SSN tracking ... cost is $14.81 for 1ST, 2ND and 3RD SOURCE searches per ssn \== $avings of $2.98 over individual pricing 8. ABORT SSN tracking ... no charge Scanning ... Source #1 FOR ... 123-45-6789 DATE: 11/06/87 TIME: 13:20 * SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER TRACE * 123-45-6789 NAME/SPOUSE SSN OWNER ADDRESS ADDR RPT DATE 1. CONSUMER, JOHN D SUBJECT 3142 TAG DR., KANSAS CITY. KANSAS 66102 09/84 2. CONSUMER, JOHN D SUBJECT 178 COLDSPRING LN., DALLAS, TX 75228 10/87 WOR: Workers Compensation Prior Claims ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ NCI provides access to worker's Compensation claims histories, providing any claims made against employer's Worker's Compensation funds by the subject. Information provided to NCI clients on Worker's Complensation claims history will require a release from the subject you are requestion information on. Each report request cannot be sent back without a release signed by the subject. If you already have release forms signed by your employees or prospective employees and wish to use your own release form you may send it in for approval. Example Report: Joe Consumer suffered injury to the right hand 11/12/85. Employer was R&L Packaging. Number of days missed 12. Amount of claim $530.00 ZIP: Zip+4 - Nine Digit Zip reference ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ This option will provide address standardization and output of hte 4-digit add-on code with the current, correct 5-digit zip code. This option may be selected as the only option desired or in a combination with other options. If an address is not found on the Name/Address file and the ZIP+4 option is selected, the system will return a stardardized address with ZIP+4 code in place of the record that may have been displayed in the REQUESTED DATA section. The more specific the information supplied, the more accurate the returned ZIP+4 code will be. This means you should include the apartment number or suite number if available. Addresses returned without an add-on code designates "NO DELIVERY". A message of "MULTIPLE RESPONSES" indicates that the search information provided requires some additional information to distinguish between the possible responses. The address in the search information may need a direction suffix (e.g. ST, AVE, RD) or a zipcode. If you add this informatio nand re-submit the requestion there will be another billable request. CONCLUSION: ~~~~~~~~~~~ Well, that will conclude my textfile on NCI/W.D.I.A Network. Hopefully it has been interesting, and if nothing else informative as to what type of information sources are currently available to people in the position to use them. This network is probably the best I know of for skip-tracing. There is another network called CDB INFOTEK which is very similar to this network except it also contains public information. I am planning on releasing documetation on that network as well in the near future. If you have any questions or comments for me, you can leave me mail at kludge@hale.uucp or to kludge@isis.cs.du.edu (it would be most likely be read faster from hale.uucp). I would also like anyone who has knowledge about similar networks to leave me mail, stating the name of the service, what it provides, and a place the business can be contacted at if at all possible. /