Population #1 Bricks Carved From the Chaos by Mike Merrill 1. Why do things go bad? There is insanity everywhere.. There must be a reason for all the decay. I see crime go up, incomes go down, neighbors get meaner, wars get more vicious, competition between world aggressors to create the most shocking atrocity. No one feels they are taken seriously. Pollution gets worse, even when we try to love our planet and recycle and shop conscientiously. Water becomes more scarce. Natural disasters seem more and more frequent. It costs more to own a home than it used to, and the home I can afford gets smaller and smaller. And there are more and more problems impossible to list. Why? I'll tell you. It's because there are too many people. 2. All our dreams of tomorrow: of peace, of unity, of living in the light of love, of technology eliminating work, of leisure spent in the arms of nature -- all our dreams will be nothing unless we embrace this truth. 3. Many among us feel they sense the coming end of the world. They see the gathering destruction: billions of people starving, topsoil erosion, deforestation in the tropics, pollution making people sick, nuclear weapons in many nations' hands. Who has enough perspective to say they are wrong? 4. We don't think about the ones who haven't been born yet. The moment here and now demands all our attention. Living pulls so much from us that we don't have energy to think about more than what's right here. But time passes anyway. And just as sure as we feel sexy on Saturday night, and just as sure as those DNA molecules untwist and rewind, there will be another generation, also with Saturday nights and untwisting DNA. And so on. Just because they're not here doesn't mean they don't exist. Historians and philosophers talk about the past as alive in the present. We live with the consequences of our past actions and the actions of others who have lived before us. We speak the language formed directly from the thoughts of the past, so our thoughts are in a sense repetitions of those gone by. In the same way, the generation in 20 generations will live with our thoughts and actions. Our thoughts and actions are literally the future. Now, I am filled with sorrow for that coming generation. War for Americans is a fun little adrenalin kick. Genocide is overlooked by the free world's leaders, unless there's an economic incentive to say no. Governments get away with whatever they can. Psychological depression is endemic. Laws are a game to play with. There are traces of human waste in every corner of the world's oceans. Many people think God is dead. No news here, I just thought I'd summarize before going on. 5. I have come to see that almost all our problems, all the evils in the world, arise from, or at least are greatly exaggerated by, this one little problem: overpopulation. 6. Some caveats: I cannot prove the things I say here. They can't be addressed adequately using the current set of concepts. And I cannot invent a science. The need is now, this year, this day, and a new science takes decades to unwind in history. I cannot defend myself against the hands of those humans whose religions and moral convictions compel them to oppose these words. Of you, opponent, I ask forgiveness. Please consider that my moral conscience demands compliance, just as yours does. Do not think that I am a Nazi. I don't care if my race (white Europeans in America) eventually loses its separate identity through racial intermarriage. In fact, my hope for the future of America in part relies on the prospect of that happening. Finally, it is impossible for me to attain expertise in all the sciences and other areas of study I touch on in this document. I am a generalist. And so, to the experts: please correct me. My address is listed at the end of the document. Take all this or leave it; it's all the same. But listen to me for a moment, and ask yourself whether these words don't speak to something in you. 7. An interesting example of social breakdown in a crowded population of experimental animals was created by John Calhoun at the National Institutes of health in the late 1960's and early 1970's.[1] Calhoun created a "Utopian environment" for mice to study the effect of exponential population growth on social behavior. The mouse environment was a 101-inch-square pen with 54-inch-high walls, constructed with nesting boxes on the walls to maximize breeding space. The floor of the environment was covered with ground corn cob, and paper strips were providing as nesting material. Calhoun provided adequate food and water in regularly spaced hoppers. The room temperature was relatively stable during the years of the experiment. Calhoun put four male and four female laboratory mice into this space on July 9, 1968. The first 104 days, which Calhoun called "Phase A," were characterized by social turmoil as the mice adjusted to their new environment. The first litter was born at 104 days, and the population began to expand exponentially, doubling every 55 days. This was "Phase B." At day 315, with a population of 620 weaned mice, the population growth abruptly slowed to a doubling time of 145 days; this was "Phase C." At this time, the social structure began to deteriorate and violence levels increased. ... there was no room for emigration. As the unusually large number of young gained adulthood, they had to remain, and they (contested) for roles in the filled social system. Males who failed withdrew physically and psychologically; they became very inactive and aggregated in large pools near the centre of the floor of the universe. From this point on they no longer initiated interaction with their established associates, nor did their behavior elicit attack by territorial males. Even so, they became characterized by many wounds and much scar tissue as a result of attacks by other withdrawn males.... Female counterparts of these withdrawn males tended to withdraw to higher level boxes that were less preferred by females with litters. Such females were not characterized by the violent aggression of the withdrawn males. Mouse fertility decreased, baby mice were abandoned, fetuses spontaneously aborted, and maternal behavior disappeared. The dominant male mice could no longer defend all their territory from the masses of males, and began less and less to defend the nesting sites they were associated with. Thus, the nesting sites became exposed to "invasion," and in response, the nesting females became aggressive, taking over the role of the dominant males. The aggression carried over to their offspring: the mothers attacked their young, wounded them and forced them to leave the nest early. All social interactions between the mice were of short duration and superficial, and no real courtship or parenting behavior could develop. The population peaked at 2,200 mice on day 560. No baby mice survived infancy after day 600, and the population began a decline. The last conception was about day 920. An attention toward the end to add some healthy mice failed to rejuvenate the population. Calhoun reported that on June 22, 1972, there were only 122 survivors. 8. The Kapapuya tribes of Native Americas formerly lived in Oregon; they are now nearly extinct. Here is one of their prophecies: In ancient times a Kalapuya lay in a grove of alder trees near the forking of the Santiam and dreamt a most unusual dream. When he awoke at night he told the people: "The earth beneath our feet was completely black, in my dream." No one was able to say what that signified, that dream of our green earth -- so we forgot it. But then the Whites came those farmers hard as iron, and we saw how they tore open the earth with the plough the pastures the little prairies beside the Santiam. And we knew that we were to be a part of their dream their dream of an earth made black forever by the wounding plough.[2] 9. An Armenian soldier, being bussed towards a battle with Azeri soldiers in the south of what used to be the USSR, says, "God has given us the right to stand on this land." He kisses a silver cross on a chain around his neck.[3] 10. Every year a good chunk of southern California burns. And every year recently there have been disasters when these fires sweep over residential areas. Why does this happen? Fires are natural in the region. Dry summers follow wet winters every year, and plants dry out. Lightning touches off the inevitable. People choose to live there. They like warmth; they don't like Idaho and Montana and Illinois as much for that reason. And those people whose houses regularly burn down were choosing a place to live, there was no affordable warm land without those dangers. Spaces fill up with people, and eventually people take what they can get. 11. All the problems that are currently blamed on technology and our "wasteful" Western way of living are exacerbated by human crowding. For every additional human in America, you need several thousand more kilowatts of power a day. A few more pounds of toxic emissions go into the air as the polyester for the baby clothes is synthesized and the play pen is built. A few more gallons of water a day are polluted by sewage. Eventually another car will be on the road, another computer will be in a home, another household will be producing solid waste. It is probably not a sin to drive a car and make plastic and throw things away. It is when these activities are multiplied by 300 million that they begin to become a problem. 12. Technology itself is a human adaptation to address the problems caused by overpopulation. The word "technology" comes from the ancient Greek technes and logos, meaning "craft" and "thought," respectively. Technology is a way of intelligently crafting the environment around us into a form we can use. We created technology to allow us to dominate the earth so that we Ens can prevail over what we see as the chaos of the natural world. 13. Most homes in the world currently are heated by wood fires. This is the way it has been for almost all of human history; fossil fuels and such technological innovations as nuclear and solar power are very recent phenomena, and currently are limited to relatively industrialized areas. Heating one's home with wood, though, carries with it one main limitation: one must obtain wood. If there are no trees in the area, one must import the wood from somewhere. I have no proof, but I submit that it would be difficult to heat all the homes in the United States with the wood we have growing here now. And if we could, it would soon become a very ugly country. We have become dependent on fossil fuels to maintain our high population density; we don't need to use any land to grow wood for fuel. And the fossil fuel will run out someday. What's the answer? Inevitably, unless everyone obtains solar and wind power sources, we will have to set aside some of the land we currently use for food to grow fuel instead. And the best way to do with less food is to have less people. 14. Fossil fuels allow our cities to exist. How would we live without these fuels? They bring our food in. They move us to our jobs. They get us out of the insanity of the city when we want to get out. 15. Many summers I go on vacation with relatives at a lake in Maine. Over the past 20 years, the water has become murkier, the air has become dirtier, the traffic has become noisier and heavier, the number of canoes passing by the back porch daily has increased. All these changes accompanied an increase in tourist traffic. It is true it has become a more popular area, but the increase in traffic is partially a consequence of increased population. More people means more vacation spots needed; some spots closer to cities will become crowded and people will travel further, even way up to Mount Desert Island, to find less crowded areas. People seek these less crowded areas to recover from civilization. That's what we all first liked about America: the open spaces, the sense of freedom when we are immersed in nature. All of this is disappearing. The frontier died quite a while ago. Now, it's pretty tough in many places to find a place to be alone. I know I am lucky to be able to have these vacations. I'm including this description as a read-to-hand example of a population increase affecting quality of life. 16. Fear of violence is a national obsession in America. It crafts our habits, our travel routes, our relationships, and our levels of awareness as we go through our days. Women walk alone at night only in the safest of neighborhoods. Men, every day on the street, measure each other's aggression. Anger is almost a sin, not because of the emotional damage it might do, but because of what might happen. The root cause of violence is aggression, a behavior hardwired into us. In other animals, aggression is a mechanism for spacing individuals out across the land, for ensuring that each animal has enough territory to survive. This mechanism was calibrated within us a long time ago, when our population densities were much lower than they are now. In the 20th century, high population densities are excessively stimulating this mechanism. 17. According to the Bible, a long time ago God said, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it."[4] I think we've subdued the earth at this point. 18. All life seeks to increase its numbers. Living things tend to produce large numbers of offspring, a larger number than necessary to keep population levels constant. This reproduction is necessary to fight adversity in the environment. As Charles Darwin noted in 1859, "There is no exception to the rule that every organic being naturally increases at so high-a rate that, if not destroyed, the earth would soon be covered by the progeny of a single pair."[5] Thus, oak trees drop thousands of acorns, and as of 1992, the average human female produced 3.3 children during her lifetime.[6] (The number for humans is smaller because humans take great care of their young.) Given a conflict between the tendency to increase and destructive forces such as predation, population levels will fluctuate over time, as one force or the other becomes stronger. As a population in a favorable environment increases in size, eventually the destructive force will become the limits to the amount of food available. Territoriality, mediated by aggression, is the mechanism that has evolved for taking care of this problem, and organisms ranging from slime molds to humans use it. The main reason humans have such a problem with violence is that our drive to increase our population has acquired powerful tools -- technology and medicine -- that have allowed us to propagate far beyond our original densities, the densities at which the "set point" for our aggression mechanism was established. We want territory, but there is less and less of it per human because the population increases on a finite amount of land. Why else would we dream of cities under the sea and travel to distant planets? 19. There certainly are other causes of violence and war, such as economic injustice and extremist ideologies. But these are proximal, apparent causes that rest on the fundamental fact that humans have multiplied far beyond their original condition, and into a state of imbalance. 20. In prehistoric times, when we evolved from other primates into our current form, population densities were low. Back then, it must have been relatively frightening to see a stranger. A stranger might be friendly or hostile, and might be honest or dishonest. Then, as now, the possibilities of ways a human can behave were limited only by what is conceivable. And there was no universal social structure or government to regulate behavior. Our genes carry with them the memory of that time. And today, they cry out when we see hundreds of strangers a day, bringing fear, and objectification, and aggression, and violence. Humans were not designed to live in boxes piled up on top of each other, as in modern public housing. They were not designed to live in places where one can walk for a day and pass the dwelling spaces of one million people. These are foreign environments to the human animal. 21. If all this is so, if the squelching of territoriality by population pressure is the root of violence, why has this not been apparent through history? The answer lies in the taboo nature of the subject, the extent to which most human cultures deny its existence. The number of children a family chooses to have is a private decision in most cultures. In America, talk of someone else's family size will bring discomfort and hostility into the conversation. Fears of genocide float in the backs of people's minds. It is only today, in the age of broken ideals, of smashed religions and philosophies and values, when many old systems of thought are dying, that we can begin to address such an issue with clear minds. 22. To be out at sea is a perennial human longing. We don't belong out there biologically; we're land-dwelling bipeds, with no fins and no blowholes. It is technology that allows us access to the sea's surface. We like it because it gives us space to ourselves. At sea, we can control the extent to which we interact with other humans. Our minds can find peace. On land, the distance I can travel without encountering another group of humans is limited. On land, the number of humans who can break into my sphere any moment is almost limitless. The phone rings and I am obliged to pick it up; any stranger can talk to me on the street; many acquaintances, who could show up at any moment, have legitimate claims on my time. At sea, there are limits to what other humans can do. They are far away, and there is so much space and air. 23. In a small town, you can't get away with anything. The people who see you every day, who watch you work, who know what you buy at the supermarket -- these people know your character and see the way you treat others. What goes around comes around, and you pay for your sins. If you are selfish and rude, you are treated poorly yourself. However, good work and good acts earn you a reputation, and bring you back respect and joy. In cities, however, you can get away with things. The people who see you being rude to a clerk, cutting someone off in traffic, and slipping into the pornography store will never see you again, so you don't have to worry about reaping the consequences of your actions. You can do what you want inside the cloak of anonymity. In this way, cities become magnifiers of our own lack of self-discipline. They become sink-holes of bad karma, where everyone, out of laziness and incivility, treats others in the worst way. There is no obvious reward for being honest, honorable, principled, polite. And so these virtues, which truly hold together our civilization, are abandoned as self-defeating qualities. All of this is because of the density of the human population. 24. Humans tend to fear the wilderness. A city dweller walking through the forest imagines bears, snakes, axe-murderers. A child falling asleep in a tent notices all the little sounds around him. A hiker in the West scans the terrain for bears. In our home turf, where we are familiar with the common dangers, this fear takes the form of respect. There is no longer anxiety at the wilderness in general, but a set of planned behavior patterns set aside in anticipation of known dangers. The Louisiana resident knows what to do in case of a hurricane, but is terrified at the thought of a blizzard. The Toronto resident can handle snow and keeps sand in the car trunk, but couldn't imagine how to hide from a hurricane. The scuba diver knows the shark; the mountain climber knows the crack he jams his hand into; the Kansas farmer has plans to handle a tornado. But under these forms of respect is the same fear of the wildness of nature, which can break through the comfortable routine at any time. We know that nature can take away our lives at any time, and that we are fragile. We see the wilderness as "out there," and we are "in here." We must look out for ourselves lest the powerful and impersonal hand of nature sweep us off the earth. We know we will die and we fight back because we don't want to. To make our lives more secure, to create a safe and comfortable space for ourselves in the chaos, our species has learned how to craft what is around us. Our hands make wood into houses and ore into tools. We develop systems for arranging plants so they produce maximum food. We develop imaginative ways to kill the plants and animals that interfere with our goals. 25. When something doesn't work, we take notice. We light up inside and look around us, taking in the environment to determine what went wrong. Usually we assume that things we use every day will work when we pick them up. If the spoon I eat my cereal with were to fall apart halfway to my mouth, I'd sit up and take notice. The inner light would come on, and I'd start examining my utensils more carefully. My motives would become clear to me then: what am I trying to do? Eat my breakfast. But the bigger picture? I am trying to eat so that I can survive. Survival is the underlying issue with this tool, as it is with most tools. We use tools to dominate the world so we will be o.k. I want my cereal so I'm not hungry; I want my furnace and my clothing so I'm not cold; I want my motor vehicle so I can get to work so I can have my cereal and my furnace. When these tools break, the environment I have created temporarily is no longer fulfilling its purpose: to allow me to survive. (Of course, one could insert an idealistic argument here: "Isn't there more to life than survival? Love is the ultimate purpose of life. If I have love, I have all." But the very fact that we can make these arguments rests on the fact that we have enough energy to make them, instead of spending all our energy scrounging around for food and shelter.) 26. What if I were to escape the fear of not being o.k.? 27. Ethnic groups and nations tend to fear their populations will decline. This fear has a competitive component to it: if the neighboring group has more people than us, they could overpower us and take our resources. Here are a few tiny bits from French history:[7] * "A nation must have a population dense enough to keep stable an equilibrium with her neighbors." -- Arsene Dumont, 1890. * Prior to World War I, French postcards showed a picture of five Germans bayoneting two Frenchmen; another showed large German babies looking down on smaller French babies. * "Denatalite [a lack of births] isn't a health problem, it is a problem of national defense of the first order, perhaps the most important of all. Tomorrow it will be the problem of national defense in itself." -- Fernand Laurent, 1937. 28. "The adversary in war is the growing crowd of one's neighbors. Their increase is frightening in itself, and the threat it contains is enough to release the aggressive drive of one's own corresponding crowd.... In this rivalry between growing crowds lies an essential, and it may even be the prime, cause of wars.... "For the progeny of man is sparse, coming singly and taking a long time to arrive. The desire to be more, for the number of the people to whom one belongs to be larger, must always have been profound and urgent ... In war men wanted to be stronger than a hostile horde and were always conscious of the danger of small numbers.... Man's weakness lay in the smallness of his numbers."[8] 29. "Would that I could gather your houses into my hand, and like a sower scatter them in forest and meadow. "Would the valleys were your streets, and the green paths your alleys, that you might seek one another through vineyards, and come with the fragrance of the earth in your garments. "But these things are not yet to be. "In their fear your forefathers gathered you too near together. And that fear shall endure a little longer. A little longer shall your city walls separate your hearths from your fields." -- The Prophet, Kahlil Gibran[9] 30. Listen to me, and we can go back to the promised land. The thing that people have been searching for is graspable, is attainable, within the limits of what we have now. Peace, plenty, joy, natural beauty, stability, love ... there it is, right over there. We just have to walk over there. We just have to take the correct bend in the path. The only problem is that it requires facing one big taboo ... the number of children brought into the world in every generation. But next to the survival of the world, I don't think it's that big a deal. I'm talking about, and here's the vision, a worldwide, systematic consensual non-genocidal non-coercive reduction in the world's population. It's the only way to solve our problems, to relax people so they no longer get that murderous itch, or the covetousness towards the neighbor's property. It's also a great way to create sustainability. 31. Ask yourself why it might be that Americans have been moving west for 200 or 300 years, why the center of population keeps moving. It's because the people who move don't like the crowds. People like to own their own land and have their own space to walk in. They'd rather do that than live in a one-room apartment in a city. So they move west to the uninhabited land. But now we're working at cross-purposes to our own desires for land and space and breathing room. Our national population keeps going up. So there's less and less land, less and less money per person, and more unfamiliar faces on the street. The environment is more damaged with every additional person. One more yearly volume of human sewage needs to be absorbed somehow by the land. It can't hold an infinite amount. 32. If we just all calmed down and stopped breeding so much, we could go to the Promised Land. It would be right here; it would be every square inch of the world. 33. Imagine a city about 60 years ago somewhere in the central USA. Joe Average wants to buy a house there that he and his wife can raise kids in. (This is 60 years ago, remember, when women were still in the habit of staying at home because they had to in order to have enough children to propagate the species.) He finds out that a large tract of land to the north of the main city is going to be designated as a park. So, being a quick sort of guy, he goes out and buys a lot next to that park, across the street. He has a house built. He and his family move in. Years pass. The kids grow up and go to college. More houses are built around the park. Average houses, not houses you'd consider to be mansion-like, but not little boxes either. The city starts to become more populated (that's what's causing more houses to be built). Soon, there isn't really any open land around the city to speak of. It becomes cheaper to build multi-story structures than to expand horizontally, so that's what happens. As the city becomes more crowded, more people begin to visit the park, because, after all, people like open space with trees and grass. This is o.k. with Joe Average. He's a social guy. But soon, as poverty increases in the city, he notices that the people walking around the park are starting to look resentfully at his house. They could never afford his house on their salary (property values around the park have gone up due to the laws of supply and demand). Joe starts to get uncomfortable when he goes out to mow his lawn. It's a lot different from when it was back when he bought the place, and it was all open space with few people. Joe's neighbor's house gets broken into, so Joe has to buy an alarm system. Joe's wife has become afraid to walk outside at night. Now, what is the cause of the degeneration of Joe's neighborhood? Is it that he is an oppressor? Is it a social class thing? Is it just the way things are, so we might as well accept it? Or does it have something to do with population growth? 34. One of the classic animal models of an increasing population is the bacteria culture. A single bacterium, placed on a growth plate, will begin to divide and eventually will fill it up. Its growth pattern follows an S-shaped curve: the growth starts off slowly, speeds up to an exponential rate, and then slows again as the colony reaches a stable population. One might be tempted to find this a comforting thought, that even the simplest form of life will stabilize its own population. But the reason the culture stops growing is because the bacteria begin to starve and are poisoned by toxic waste products. 35. From the Statue of Liberty: "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me. I lift my lamp beside the shining sea." If I ran a country, why would I need to send my masses to America? Why couldn't I just send them off to some free land to make homes for themselves, make a living, and prosper? This is obvious, I think, to most people in the world, but I'll explain anyway. It's because there is no more quality land in most countries; so the overflow comes here to America, where we have a lot of land that was until recently practically unused by modern industrial standards. 36. In 1994, Vietnam's population reached 72 million people, an increase of 60 percent since the end of the war with the U.S.A. This made Vietnam the 12th most populous nation in the world. By 2025, its population is projected to reach 168 million. The nation has a land space roughly equivalent to New Mexico's. Most employers now are threatening to fire workers who have more than two children.[10] 37. In May 1994, in what was described by United Nations officials as one of the largest single-day population shifts in modern history, members of the Tutsi ethnic group in Rwanda forced 250,000 Hutus from their homes and across the border into Tanzania. Tens of thousands of both groups had been killed. In the refugee camp in Tanzania, a few days after the migration, there was of course little fresh water and food. Relief workers worked overtime to keep the people alive. Corpses floated down the river from the fighting. Why would any ethnic group want to remove such a great number of people from their land? What is so valuable about land?[11] 38. We are all rushing toward something as our human population increases. We are rushing toward that day when we will all see the root of our problems. When we have too many people on the earth as a result of billions of personal and private decisions, it destroys what we all have together. On the day when we all see that fact, on the day when everyone's life is affected by it, we can all together resolve to change it. Until that day, there will always be an incentive (from a biological perspective) for a small group to multiply and increase its numbers even if the rest of the world tried to stabilize itself. That group will increase its population relative to the others, and will achieve some measure of dominance. But when the day our species as an entity realizes what it has done, we can all agree to relax. We have dominated the earth. We have proven we can prevail against nature, despite the obstacles and adversaries it throws at us. This should be a calming thought. It should bring deep peace and reflection. When population goes down, there will be more land per person. Real estate prices will go down, and everyone can own land and feel space around them. Using the efficient farming technology that we developed under the pains of population pressure, there will never be hunger. A surplus of crops can be fermented into alcohol, and we will never be short of fuel. With fewer people and the emerging green technologies, we will have a minimum impact on the environment. There will be clean air and water. Without swelling populations, without aggression-producing high population densities, and with general prosperity, violence and war will decrease. 39. I have heard that gardeners are among the most well adjusted and happy people on this earth. I think it is because their work is the work that we all were designed to do. Our myths tell us we were given the Garden a long time ago. We screwed up back then and we lost it. However, we can get it back. Notes: [1] Calhoun, John B. "Death Squared: the explosive growth and demise of a mouse population." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, January, 1973. 66:80-88. [2] Quoted in Kaiser, Rudolf, The Voice of the Great Spirit: Prophecies of the Hopi Indians. Trans. Werner Wunsche. Boston: Shambhala, 1991. [3] Auerbach, Jon. The Boston Globe: "A vicious war to the death between Azeris, Armenians has been largely ignored." Buffalo News, 5/1/94, p. F8 [4] Genesis 1:28. [5] Darwin, Charles. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. New York: The New American Library, Inc., 1958, p. 75. [6] United Nations Population Fund. The State of World Population, 1992. New York: United Nations, 1992, p. 40. [7] Teitelbaum, Michael S., and Jay M. Winter. The Fear of Population Decline. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. [8] Canetti, Elias. Crowds and Power. Trans. Carol Stewart. New York: Viking Press, 1962. [9] Gibran, Kahlil. The Prophet. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1985. [10] Browne, Malcolm W. "Crowding and Managerial Gaps Imperil Vietnam." The New York Times, 5/8/94, p. 1. [11] Lorch, Donatella. "Out of Rwanda's Horrors Into a Sickening Squalor." The New York Times, 5/8/94, p. 10 Please address all correspondence to: Mike Merrill, P.O.Box 4214, Buffalo NY 14217, USA. Additional copies of this document are available for $1.00 plus one stamp. Free copies will be provided to members of the press.